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1 RED BOOK OF THE YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT ANIMALS PLANTS MUSHROOMS

2 DEPARTMENT FOR PROTECTION, REPRODUCTION AND REGULATION OF THE USE OF BIORERESOURCES OF THE YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT ESTABLISHMENT OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL ECOLOGY URAL BRANCH OF THE RAS

3 To the 80th anniversary of the formation of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District RED BOOK OF THE YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT ANIMALS PLANTS MUSHROOMS Ekaterinburg 2010

4 UDC () BBK (2Ros-6YNAO) K 782 Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: animals, plants, mushrooms / Rep. ed. S.N. Ektova, D.O. Zamyatin. Ekaterinburg: Publishing house "Basko", p.: ill. The Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is an official reference book on the state of rare and endangered species of plants and animals in the region that are subject to special protection and attention. The second amended and amended edition of the Red Book includes 139 “Red Book” species of animals and plants that are subject to special protection, including 4 species of mammals, 19 birds, 1 reptile, 4 amphibians, 4 fish, 24 insects, 58 flowering species, 2 pteridophytes, 1 lycophytes, 9 bryophytes, 5 lichens, 8 fungi. The characteristics of objects of flora and fauna that do not fall under the jurisdiction of the Red Book of the district, but whose condition in the natural environment requires special attention, are given in the appendix, numbering 95 species. The second edition of the Red Book contains modern information about the morphology, distribution, abundance, ecological features, limiting factors, required measures for the protection and restoration of rare and endangered representatives of the flora and fauna of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The book is illustrated with color drawings, photographs, maps of species habitats and a map of specially protected natural areas of the Autonomous Okrug. Intended for government agencies, specialists in the field of protection of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, teachers and students of educational institutions, local historians, naturalists and all nature lovers. ISBN Team of authors, 2010 Department for the protection, reproduction and regulation of the use of biological resources of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 2010 Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2010 Basko Publishing House LLC, design, 2010

5 EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman V.N. Bolshakov Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Deputy Chairman Yu.P. Klimov, First Deputy Director of the Department for Protection, Reproduction and Regulation of the Use of Biological Resources of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug V.D. Bogdanov Deputy Director of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Biological Sciences V.G. Krivenko General Director of the scientific center “Protection of Biodiversity” of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, professor, Doctor of Biological Sciences Members of the editorial board S.N. Ektova Candidate of Biological Sciences (executive editor) D.O. Zamyatin (executive editor) N.S. Korytin Candidate of Biological Sciences L.M. Morozova Candidate of Biological Sciences V.A. Mukhin Doctor of Biological Sciences V.N. Olshvang Candidate of Biological Sciences V.K. Ryabitsev Doctor of Biological Sciences A.G. Sorokin Candidate of Biological Sciences Reviewer E.V. Ivanter Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor TEAM OF AUTHORS S.P. Arefiev V.D. Bogdanov M.G. Golovatin P.Yu. Gorbunov O.V. Grigorieva A.P. Dyachenko A.M. Ermakov V.G. Ishchenko E.V. Zinoviev E.A. Zoteeva M.S. Knyazev N.S. Korytin V.D. Krokhalevsky E.V. Mikhailov L.M. Morozova V.A. Mukhin V.N. Olshvang S.P. Easter L.A. Pustovalova P.S. Sitnikov V.A. Sokolov A.G. Sorokin P.V. Ore prospector V.K. Ryabitsev S.N. Ektova DRAWINGS V.D. Bogdanov E.V. Gorbunova P.Yu. Gorbunov Yu.P. Klimov M.A. Polezhaeva V.K. Ryabitsev PHOTOS S.P. Arefiev N.N. Balatsky E.S. Bayanov A.K. Vanichev A.L. Vasina A.M. Vasin V.A. Glazunov M.G. Golovatin P.Yu. Gorbunov O.V. Grigorieva A.M. Ermakov M.P. Zolotarev N.V. Zolotareva M.S. Inge-Vechtomova M.S. Knyazev G.Yu. Ultimate O.E. Kosterin V.Kh. Kryukov I.A. Kuznetsova M.Yu. Kuznetsova N.V. Kuranova K.D. Milto I.E. Minyushina N.D. Neufeld S.N. Okotetto S.P. Paschalny A.A. Sokolov O.V. Kharitonova M.Yu. Shershnev S.N. Ektova Andrew Dixon Nicolas Lecomte

6 CONTENTS 11 Preface 13 Resolution of the Governor of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 14 List of taxa of animals, plants and fungi by rarity status categories 16 PART I. ANIMALS 17 Section 1. Mammals 18 Carnivores 20 Pinnipeds 22 Cetaceans 24 Artiodactyls 26 Section 2. Birds 27 Loons 29 Anseriformes 37 Falconiformes 47 Craniformes 51 Charadariformes 56 Owls 60 Passeriformes 61 Section 3. Reptiles 62 Snakes 63 Section 4. Amphibians 64 Caudates 66 Anurans 70 Section 5. Bony fishes 71 Sturgeons 73 Salmoniformes 77 Scorpiformes 78 Section 6. Insects 79 Coleoptera 90 Lepidoptera 6

7 103 PART II. PLANTS AND FUNGI 144 Saxifraga 146 Rosaceae 148 Legumes 153 Flax 154 Dogwood 155 Primroses 156 Cynuaceae 157 Lamiaceae 160 Norichaceae 166 Bladderworts Plantains Asteraceae 170 Section 2. Fernaceae 171 Kochedaceae 171 Clumpaceae 173 Section 3. Mossaceae 174 Lycophytes 175 Section 4. Bryophytes 176 Catoscopies 177 Dysceliums 178 Dicranaceae 182 Dietrichaceae 183 Pottiumaceae 184 Amblystegiaceae 7

8 185 Section 5. Lichens 186 Lobariaceae 187 Parmeliaceae 189 Cladoniaceae 190 Tricholoraceae 192 Section 6. Fungi 193 Phaeolaceae 196 Ganodermaceae 197 Coriolaceae 199 Phomitopsisaceae 200 Hericiaceae 207 APPENDIX 1. List of taxa and populations of animals, plants and mushrooms of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug that need special attention to their condition in the natural environment 286 APPENDIX 2. List of taxa and populations of animals, plants and fungi excluded from the Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 288 Bibliographic lists 302 Accepted abbreviations and symbols 304 Index of Russian names of taxa 306 Index of Latin names of taxa 8

9 The state of the flora and fauna of our region is closely related to the quality of the environment. Today, the district is carrying out a lot of multidirectional work in the field of environmental safety. One of the results of this work was the second edition of the Red Book of Yamal. Thanks to the joint work of district authorities and leading research institutes in the field of wildlife protection in our country, the book includes materials about the biology of protected animals and plants, their places of distribution, as well as the current state of protected objects. I am sure that the Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug will be useful not only to specialist biologists and ecologists, but also to the widest circle of Yamal readers who are not indifferent to what kind of world we will leave to our descendants. D.N. Kobylkin Governor of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 9

10 The problem of preserving the biological diversity of animals and plants is currently very relevant. During the period of large-scale development of the Far North, the implementation of grandiose subsoil development projects, the construction of transport infrastructure and urban development, the nature of Yamal requires special attention. Modern society understands its responsibility to the younger generation and is taking steps to preserve and restore the nature of the North. An important task in preserving biodiversity is maintaining the Red Data Book of the region. On September 1, 1995, by decree of the administration of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 251 “On the Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug,” the Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug was established and published for the first time in 1997. Over the past years, a lot has changed in the district: roads and gas pipelines have been built, mineral deposits have been developed, and the area of ​​many cities and towns has increased. Under the influence of these factors, changes are also observed in the natural complexes of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The list of species of animals, plants and fungi included in the first edition of the Red Book of the Autonomous Okrug no longer corresponds to the current state of their numbers. Some species have recovered their numbers, many need even more protection than before. The second edition of the Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug collects and summarizes current information about rare biological species and sets new urgent tasks for the conservation of wild Yamal nature. The Red Book is a normative act, the requirements of which must be fulfilled by all citizens of the Russian Federation, regardless of nationality, religion and social status. Working on the draft of the second edition of the Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, specialists from scientific organizations and the department for the protection, reproduction and regulation of the use of biological resources of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug were undoubtedly aware that each species listed or excluded from the Red Book represents represents a biological value, the fate of which largely depends on the decisions made. As a result of many years of work on revising the first edition, 64 new species that needed special protection were included, and 50 species of plants and animals were excluded for various reasons. The total number of “Red Book” species has increased to 139. This indicates, first of all, an increase in negative anthropogenic factors affecting natural communities. Appendix 1 to the Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug contains a list of species of animals, plants and fungi that require special attention to their condition in the natural environment. The appendix contains full-fledged essays and maps of the distribution of biological species in the district, but the jurisdiction of the Red Book does not apply to them. The condition, abundance and distribution of these species require special attention of all residents of the Autonomous Okrug, environmental services and scientific organizations. These species are real candidates for inclusion in subsequent editions of the Red Data Book of the Okrug if deterioration of their habitat conditions or a downward trend in their numbers is detected. I am confident that this edition of the Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug will contribute to the preservation of the biological diversity of the region, will help improve the quality of observations of the state of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, will help instill in people a caring attitude towards Nature, and will increase the level of civic responsibility of the population on this unique northern land, whose name is Yamal! V.V. Tibaikin Director of the Department for Protection, Reproduction and Regulation of the Use of Bioresources of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 10

11 PREFACE In accordance with the Federal Law of Russia “On Environmental Protection”, in order to protect and record rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi, monitor their condition, organize scientific research, develop and implement measures to preserve and restore the numbers of these species, Red Book of the Russian Federation and Red Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is an official document containing a set of information on the status, distribution of rare and endangered species (subspecies and populations) of animals, plants and other organisms living (growing) in the Autonomous Okrug, as well as on the necessary measures for their protection and restoration. The creation and maintenance of Red Books is an important environmental tool not only for inventorying rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna, but also as a scientific and organizational foundation for targeted government acts and measures for their conservation and restoration. The Red Book of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug contains rare and endangered species (populations) of animals, plants and fungi, permanently or temporarily living in the natural environment of the district, which require special legal actions aimed at their protection on the part of regional executive authorities. The first edition of the Red Book of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug was published in 1997. Over the past thirteen years, on the one hand, there have been changes in the state of the environment, flora and fauna. Most often these changes are negative; positive examples, unfortunately, are very rare. On the other hand, the amount of information on protected species has increased, especially data on the distribution of rare plant species. When working on the second edition, materials from the first edition were used with the necessary corrections and additions. The structure and order of species in the Red Book are left the same, but the content of many sections has changed significantly; all sections have been revised: mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, angiosperms, lichens, fungi. The list of “Red Book” species includes two new sections: bryophytes and lycophytes. The appearance of a new edition of the Red Data Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is an important stage in assessing the state and preserving the biodiversity of the region. In total, the new edition provides information on 234 taxa of animals, plants, lichens and fungi, 139 of which require special protection and have protected status. Compared to the first edition, the number of protected species by section has changed. Thus, the total number of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and insects in need of protection decreased by 14 and amounted to 56 species. The list of flora objects was significantly expanded and amounted to 83 species. The fact of an increase in rare plant species confirms the deterioration of the situation for the conservation and restoration of the biological diversity of the flora of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In accordance with the Decree of the Governor of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug dated November 12, 2001 668 “On the Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug,” 6 categories of rarity status of wildlife objects were adopted for the Red Book: 0 category. Probably disappeared. Taxa and populations previously known in the territory (or water area) of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and whose occurrence in nature has not been confirmed (for invertebrates in the last 100 years, for vertebrates in the last 50 years). 1st category. Endangered. Taxa and populations whose numbers of individuals have decreased to a critical level such that they may become extinct in the near future. 2nd category. Declining in numbers. Taxa and populations with steadily declining numbers, which, with further influence of factors reducing numbers, can quickly become endangered. Category 3. Rare. Taxa and populations that are small in number and distributed over a limited area (or water area) or sporadically distributed over large areas (or water area). Category 4. Uncertain status. Taxa and populations that probably belong to one of the previous categories, but there is currently no sufficient information about their state in nature, or they do not fully meet the criteria of all other categories. Category 5. Recoverable and recoverable. Taxa and populations, the number and distribution of which, under the influence of natural causes or as a result of measures taken, have begun to recover and are approaching a state where urgent measures of protection and reproduction will not be needed. eleven

12 Species-specific essays (articles) of biological taxa are carried out according to a single scheme. In the “Status” section, along with the rarity category, the reasons that determined the accepted status are given, and information is also provided on the inclusion of the species in the Red Books of the IUCN, the Russian Federation and regions neighboring the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The section “Morphological Characteristics” provides the most significant diagnostic characteristics that allow identification of the species in question. The “Distribution” section describes the species’ range in Russia and in the world as a whole, and for the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug the area of ​​distribution and locations of finds are shown. The “Numbers” section contains quantitative estimates of rare animals, plants and mushrooms in the district. The “Ecology” section characterizes the species’ affinity to certain habitats, lifestyle and other features (reproduction, phenology, etc.). Next, we consider the factors limiting the existence of the species in natural conditions in relation to the district. The section “Protection measures” indicates federal and regional specially protected natural areas within which it is possible to organize measures necessary for the protection and monitoring of the status of species, and lists the actions that are significant for the conservation of the species in question. “Sources of Information” shows published sources or other information (materials from herbariums, museum collections, oral communications, expert assessments, etc.) in accordance with the continuous numbering given in a specific essay. Complete bibliographic data of literary sources are given at the end of the book. For objects of flora and fauna whose condition is of concern and requires research to resolve the need for their protection, Appendix 1 “List of taxa of animals, plants and fungi of the Autonomous Okrug that require special attention to their condition in the natural environment” was compiled. . It contains full-fledged essays and maps of the distribution of these taxa in the district, but the jurisdiction of the Red Book does not apply to them. The condition, abundance and distribution of such species require special attention from workers of scientific organizations and environmental services. These are real candidates for inclusion in subsequent editions of the Red Data Book of the Okrug if a deterioration in their living conditions is detected or a downward trend in their numbers is detected. Employees of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Ecological Research Station of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Problems of Northern Development of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the scientific center "Biodiversity Protection" of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, and Ural State University, Ural State Pedagogical University, Ural State Forestry University, Moscow State University, Tyumen State University, Tyumen Museum of Local Lore, Oka State Natural Biosphere Reserve, Sterkh Foundation of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The drawings were made by professional biologists, which ensures accurate reflection of the significant characteristics of the illustrated species. The editorial board expresses gratitude to the staff of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences M.G. Golovatin, V.K. Ryabitsev and L.A. Pustovalova, who took part in the design of the book, as well as colleagues who provided unpublished information about the distribution, abundance and condition of rare and vulnerable species of animals and plants on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug N.V. Khozyainova, I.N. Tsibart, A.M. Ermakov, A.G. Sorokin, Yu.M. Markin, employees of the scientific center “Protection of Biodiversity” of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences M.V. Mirutenko, E.E. Tkachenko, O.V. Brigadirova, V.E. Slodkevich and V.B. Petrunin, everyone who provided illustrative material to the editorial board: N.N. Balatsky, E.S. Bayanov, A.L. Vasina, A.M. Vasin, V.A. Glazunov, P.Yu. Gorbunov, M.S. Inge-Vechtomova, M.P. Zolotarev, N.V. Zolotareva, M.S. Knyazev, G.Yu. Konechny, V.N. Kuranova, S.P. Paschalny, O.V. Kharitonova. The editorial board and the team of authors will gratefully accept all constructive advice and comments. Please report information about encounters of animals, finds of plants, lichens and fungi listed in the Red Book to the Department for the Protection, Reproduction and Regulation of the Use of Bioresources of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: , Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Salekhard, st. Griboedova, 2 e-mail: 12

13 GOVERNOR OF THE YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT RESOLUTION December 20, 2010 254-PG Salekhard On amendments to the resolution of the Governor of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District dated November 12, 2001 668 “On Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug" (EXTRACT) In accordance with the Federal Laws "On Environmental Protection", "On Wildlife", Resolution of the Governor of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug dated January 12, 2004 3 "On maintaining the Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug" Autonomous Okrug", in order to resolve issues related to the maintenance of the Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in connection with the completion of the revision of the Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the preparation of its new edition, P O S T A N O V L Y: 1. Approve the List of taxa (species and subspecies) and populations (and their groups) of animals, plants and fungi included in the Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. 2. Approve the List of taxa and populations of animals, plants and fungi of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug that require special attention to their state in the natural environment. 3. Approve the List of taxa and populations of animals, plants and fungi excluded from the Red Book of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. 13

14 LIST OF TAXONS OF ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI BY CATEGORIES OF RARITY STATUS Part I. ANIMALS MAMMALS Category I Atlantic walrus Reindeer Yamalo-Beloostrovskaya population Gydan population Polar-Ural population III category Polar bear IV category Beluga BIRDS I category Gyrfalcon Siberian crane II category Pis bag Osprey Golden Eagle Snowy owl Eagle owl category III Red-breasted goose Peregrine falcon Gray crane Great snipe Great curlew Gray shrike IV category White-billed loon Scoter Oystercatcher (mainland subspecies) Mud bird category V Small (Tundry) swan White-tailed eagle REPEATLES III category Common viper AMPHIBIANS category III Siberian salamander Ordinary ( Gray toad Grass frog category IV Siberian frog FISH category I Taimen Population of the Ural tributaries of the lower Ob Siberian sturgeon category II Muksun Population of the river basin. Mordyyakha semi-anadromous and lake forms Common sculpin INSECTS III category Ermak's ground beetle Vietinghoff's ground beetle Zherikhina's ground beetle Hummel's ground beetle Royal ground beetle Siberian ground beetle Macleay's ground beetle Drescher's Pterostichus Polistichus bandaged Krutovsky's Hidden beetle Orochen's beetle Itsa alpine Dipper Alberta Dipper Quenzel Dipper Olshvanga Dipper Menetrier Peacock's eye lesser nocturnal Apollo Febus Ural Jaundice quiet Mother of pearl Siberian Mother of pearl Evgeniya Chernushka Dabanskaya Olshvanga Aeneis large Pupavkina (Marigold magna) Fathead andromeda 14

15 Part II. PLANTS AND MUSHROOMS ANGIOSPERMS (FLOWERING) Category II Traunsteiner's palmate root Oxygraphis glacial Rhodiola rosea Norway wormwood III category Vogul brome (K. Mansi) Cowgrass almost fibrous Cobresia subholarctic Cobresia Siberian Sedge Krause Sedge poor-fruited Sedge Williams Sedge whole-mouthed Cotton grass beautiful bristlecone Ozhika tundra Lily saranka (L. curly ) Three-cut rosebud Green willow Browning willow Tree willow Myrtifolia willow Kachim Ural Lychnis sibirica minor (Zorka Samoyed) Iskolka Porphyria yellow capsule Small capsule Peony evasive (Maryin root) Anemonastrum permian (Anemone permian) Nenets ranunculus Spitsbergen ranunculus Yellow lumbago feeding Alyssum obovate (B. two-seeded ) Noccea spp. (Yarutka spp.) Rhodiola four-petalled Saxifraga rigidifolia Saxifraga soddy Cinquefoil bush (Kuril tea bush) Gorodkova Astragalus Norwegian Astragalus cold Astragalus Mertens's saxifrage Northern flax Swedish dogwood Trifloral breaker Northern cyanosis (S. barefoot) Thyme bare-stemmed Thyme paucifolia Reverdatto Bartsia alpine Castilea arctic Castilea Vorkutinskaya Mytnik arctic Alpine butterfly Plantain Schrenk's hawkweed pelvis IV category Hebridean palmate root Poppy angustifolia Water avocium Scepterwort FERN III category Rhizome of the mountains ny (Mountain bladderwort) IV category Northern moss grass IV category Lycopodiella flooded 15 Bryophytes III category Catoscopium blackening Discelium naked Ongstremia long-legged Dicranella low Dicranella rufous Dicranum smooth-veined Distichium Hagena Trichostomum curly Serpoleskeia tender (Amblystegiella tender) LICHEN II category Lobaria pulmonata III category Asachinea Scholander Lichenomphaly Hudsonian IV category Usnea longissimus Cladonia acuminate MUSHROOMS Category II Fomitopsis officinalis (Larch sponge) III category Amylocystis (Polypore) Lapland Soft Polypore Polypore sulfur-yellow Datronia finely bristled (Alder polypore) Trametes deer (Deer leathery sponge) Ganoderma shiny (Polypore lacquered) Hericium (Hedgehog) coral-shaped

16 PART I ANIMALS LIST OF TAXON (SPECIES AND SUBSPECTS) AND POPULATIONS (AND THEIR GROUPS) OF ANIMALS INCLUDED IN THE RED BOOK OF THE YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT

17 SECTION 1 MAMMALS Scientific editor N.S. KORYTIN Compiled by: M.G. GOLOVATIN N.S. KORYTIN V.G. KRIVENKO Artist V.K. RYABITSEV LIST OF SPECIES, SUBSPECTS AND POPULATIONS OF MAMMALS INCLUDED IN THE RED BOOK OF THE YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT ORDER Carnivora Carnivora Polar bear Ursus maritimus (Phipps, 1774) ORDER PINTERPOD Pinnipedia Atlant ic walrus Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus (Linnaeus, 1758) ORDER CETACEA Beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776) ORDER Artiodactyla Reindeer Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758) Yamalo-Beloostrovskaya population Polar Ural population Gydan population 17

18 POLAR BEAR Ursus maritimus (Phipps, 1774) PART I. ANIMALS Order Carnivora Carnivora Family Ursidae Status. Category 3. Rare view. Included in the IUCN Red List (2010) with category VU (vulnerable species), with the status “4th category” in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (2001), the Kara-Barents Sea population is included with the status “3rd category” in the Red Books of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2006) and Krasnoyarsk Territory (2004). Morphological characteristics. The largest of the land predators. Length up to 3 m, height at withers up to 1.6 m, weight of males usually kg (rarely up to 1 t), females kg. The body is narrow in the front and massive in the back, the neck is long and mobile, the head is relatively small, with a straightened profile, a narrow forehead, small, high-set eyes and slightly protruding ears. The coat is thick, without pigmentation. The color is white, turning yellow in summer due to constant exposure to sunlight. Spreading. Arctic, south to the northern coasts of Siberia and North America. 18 Bears of the Kara-Barents Sea (Spitsbergen-Novozemelskaya) population are found on the territory of the district. The area of ​​usual habitat in the Kara Sea is north of 73º34" N. The distribution is highly dependent on ice conditions and experiences significant seasonal changes. The highest concentration of bears in the winter-spring period is observed on the traverse of the Kara Gate strait, Yugorsky Shar archipelago of the Sharapov Koshki estuaries of the Gydan and Yenisei straits bays. Along this line, they are most often recorded on land: on the mainland coast and on the islands. Some cases of occurrences were found to the south: in the area of ​​Mys Kamenny and the village of Gyda. The Arctic in winter, according to the results of long-term observations from icebreakers, is about 3 3.5 thousand individuals. There has been a significant increase in the population over the past 20 years. The average density of polar bears, including cubs, in the southern half of the Kara Sea, according to observations from ships, is 4. .7 ind. / 1000 km 2, or 3.4 encounters / 1000 km 2. The highest density is observed in stationary polynyas 12.6 ind. / 1000 km 2, within the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug at the mouth of the Baydaratskaya Bay, in the north of Yamal and Gydan from Bely Island to the Yenisei Bay. During the period of ice growth, when there is a concentration of animals at the edge of the ice, judging by the tracks, the total number of polar bears off the coast of Yamal reaches individuals. The number of animals found on land is unstable. So, in August 2000 on the island. White observed 8 bears

19 TAXA INCLUDED IN THE RED BOOK OF THE YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT, in 2004 more than 10. During the period on o. Shokalsky during one winter, from 10 to 15 animals visited. In the Tazovsky district, the number on land is estimated at individuals. Ecology. The species is associated with drifting and fast ice throughout the year. Following the growth of the ice edge, it migrates to the south and southwest, and back in warm times. Among the adult animals encountered, two thirds are single animals, 27% are females with two-year-olds, 7% are females with young of the year. Hibernation is typical only for pregnant female bears and elderly males. Rutting from March to June. Most often, several males (up to 3 7) gather around the female, and fights arise between them. In October-November, females make dens in thick snow drifts on islands with rocky shores. The only evidence of reproduction within the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is an abandoned den on the northern shore of the island. Deer discovered in the spring of 1976. The closest regular breeding site is the Northern Island of Novaya Zemlya. Pregnancy days, cubs appear in December-January. In litters there are usually 2, less often 1 or 3 bear cubs. Exit from the den with the young in March-April. Females first bear offspring at the age of 4 to 8 years, give birth every 2-3 years, and retain reproductive capacity up to 21 years. Males do not take part in raising offspring. The polar bear is an active predator, its main prey is seals, mainly ringed seals. On occasion, it picks up carrion, and in inhabited areas it often feeds on garbage dumps. On land it catches lemmings, also feeds on bird eggs, cloudberries, and algae in the intertidal zone. Limiting factors and causes of species degradation. The main thing is the lack of basic food for seals. Illegal shooting. Security measures. Since 1975, an International Agreement (between Russia, the USA, Canada, Norway and Denmark) on the protection of polar bears has been in force. Maximum limit on animal production. Information sources. 1. Uspensky, 1989; 2. Matishov et al., 2000; 3. Mishin, 2003; 4. Matishov, Dzhenyuk, 2007; 5. Goryaev et al., 2004; 6. Sokolov, 2001; 7. Krivenko et al., 2005; 8. Gorchakovsky, 2004; 9. Chuvashov, 2001; 10. Parovshchikov, Compiled by M.G. Golovatin 19

20 PART I. ANIMALS ATLANTIC WALRUS Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus (Linnaeus, 1758) Order Pinnipeds Pinnipedia Walrus family Odobenidae Status. 1st category. A subspecies that is under threat of extinction, the number of which is at a critical level. Included in the IUCN Red List (2010) with category DD (data deficiency), with the status “category 2” in the Red Books of the Russian Federation (2001) and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2006). Morphological characteristics. The body is massive, spindle-shaped, the small head merges with the thick neck. Body length up to 4, rarely up to 5 m, weight up to 1 ton. Eyes are small, ears are absent. The muzzle is wide, the upper lip is lined with thick, stiff bristles, similar to a brush. A characteristic feature is powerful tusks (upper fangs) protruding down from the mouth, reaching cm in males. The front and rear legs are turned into flippers. The tail is rudimentary. The skin is covered with deep grooves and folds, similar to the bark of an old oak tree. The body color is yellow-brown, the hair is very sparse. Spreading. Eastern part of the Barents and Kara Sea. In the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug they were recorded off the northwestern coast of Yamal (from the Sharapov Koshki Islands to the Malygina Strait and Bely Island, near Cape Drovyanaya), in Gydanskaya Bay approximately to the river. Yarayakha, in the sea area east of the Kara Gate Strait almost to about. Bely, near the Neupokoev, Vilkitsky and Shokalsky islands. In the winter of December 2005, a single adult male stayed near the village. Seyakha in the Gulf of Ob. At the end of November 2010, a single young female walrus was discovered near the village. Cape Kamenny on the shore of the Ob Bay. Walruses, found in sea waters near the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, winter in the Barents Sea at the edge of the polynyas, partly in the Kara Sea off the eastern coast of Novaya Zemlya. Number. In the 1930s in the Barents and Kara Seas there were no more than 1200, in the 1960s 2500, currently 3000 individuals. The average density in the Kara Sea is 3 4, near the island. Vaygach up to 7.8 os. / 1000 km 2. According to the results of surveys from ships along the Northern Sea Route in January March 2002, the occurrence was 0.55. per 100 km route. There are currently no permanent rookeries on Yamal; in some years, small temporary aggregations of up to 70 or even 100 individuals form on the coast and islands (for example, on Beloy Island in the mid-1990s). More often, small groups of animals are found on ice floes near the coast or on islands. In November 1986, 384 walruses were counted in the Kara Sea near the Yamal Peninsula; the maximum number for the entire observation period was 20

21 TAXA INCLUDED IN THE RED BOOK OF THE YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT from 1977 to 1993. In general, the average number of walruses in the coastal zone of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug can be estimated at 250 animals. Ecology. They prefer shallow areas of the sea with depths of up to 90 m, avoiding solid ice. Off the coast of the Yamal Peninsula they usually appear in the second half of July and August and leave here at the end of August. They stay mostly kilometers from the coast and only occasionally form rookeries. During the breeding season, family groups are formed, consisting of a male, a female and cubs of different ages. The mating period extends from April to June. Whelping occurs in almost the same period from the end of April to the end of May or in the third ten days of December or early January. Pregnancy lasts about 12 months, the female gives birth to one cub. According to various sources, sexual maturity of females occurs at 3-4 years or 5-6 years, males become sexually mature at 5-6 years and older (7-9 years). The breeding cycle is complex: from annual births in young females, to 1 puppy every 2-3 years in mature animals. They obtain food mainly from the bottom of the sea, digging up the soil with their tusks and selecting invertebrate animals from it: a variety of mollusks, crustaceans and worms. One walrus can eat up to kg of food per day. When there is a lack of food, single males attack seals and birds sitting on the water. Limiting factors and causes of species degradation. Low reproductive potential. There is an opinion that climate warming, leading to a shift of the ice edge from the coast, worsens the foraging conditions for walruses, because In this case, they have to get food from great depths. Security measures. Fishing has been prohibited since 1956, but the “right to harvest” is reserved for local residents and members of hydrographic expeditions of the Ministry of the Navy. Protection of potential rookeries on the Sharapov Koshki Islands and the Yamal coast near the mouth of the river. Tiuteyaha. Potential places for walruses to appear on the islands of Neupokoeva, Vilkitsky, and Shokalsky are included in the territory of the Gydansky Nature Reserve; O. White Yamal reserve. Information sources. 1. Zhitkov, 1913; 2. Chapsky, 1941; 3. Azarov, 1996; 4. Zyryanov, Vorontsov, 1999; 5. Naumov, 1931; 6. Sokolov et al., 2001; 7a. Data from S.N. Okotetto from the village. Seyakha (2005); 7b. Data from D.O. Zamyatina (2010); 8. Mishin, 2003; 9. Ognetov, 1997; 10. Evaluation of M.G. Golovatina (2010); 11. Research report, 2007; 12. Heptner et al., 1976; 13. Lystsov, Compiled by: M.G. Golovatin, N.S. Korytin 21

22 PART I. ANIMALS BELUHA Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776) Order Cetaceans Cetacea Family Delphinidae Status. Category 4. A little-studied species with an uncertain status. Listed on the IUCN Red List (2010) with the category NT (Nearly Threatened). Morphological characteristics. Toothed whale up to 6 m long and weighing up to 2 tons (some males), females are smaller. The head is small, rounded, the beak is not pronounced. The vertebrae in the neck are not fused together, so the beluga whale, unlike most whales, is able to turn its head. The pectoral fins are small and oval in shape. The dorsal fin is missing. The body color is uniform, changing with age from gray to pure white. When surfacing, the tail blades are never exposed. The fountain is fast, in the form of a bush, and in sunny weather it is observed in the form of a white flash. Characterized by a wide range of sounds produced (such as clicks, creaks, whistles, roars and rattles, as well as squeaks and something resembling a trill). Spreading. Arctic seas between 50º and 80º N, as well as the Bering and Okhotsk seas. In the waters of the district there are beluga whales of the Barents Sea population, inhabiting the Barents, Kara and Laptev seas. Enters the Baydaratskaya, Gydanskaya, Obskaya and Tazovskaya bays. Regularly visits the area. White. It penetrates to the south to the mouth of the Ob Bay, Pura, Taz, Messoyakha and Gyda, up the Ob to the village. Aksarka and Salekhard. In former times, they celebrated along the Ob and Irtysh to the latitude of Tobolsk, and along the river. Yuribey to the lake Yaroto. Beluga whales from the Kara Sea winter in the Barents Sea, where they migrate through the Kara Gate and around Novaya Zemlya. Number. Due to the constant movements of animals, it is difficult to determine the exact number. In the Kara Sea, the estimated number of beluga whales in the 1930s was thousands of animals. In the 1950s, as a result of excessive fishing, the Kara herd was severely undermined, and the Yamal group was almost completely destroyed. Currently, the population size in the White, Barents and Kara Seas is estimated at thousands, according to other data, thousands. Based on surveys in the White Sea, it has been suggested that the traditional estimate of the number of beluga whales overestimates its real value by about 10 times. The density at the neck of the Baydaratskaya Bay is about 1.7 ppm. / 100 km 2. Based on estimates of the size of the Barents Sea population, in the Kara Sea adjacent to the coast of the district the density is 22

23 TAXA INCLUDED IN THE RED BOOK OF THE YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT species averages 0.5 individuals. / 100 km 2. In summer, the number is about 1.3–2 thousand individuals. In the water area of ​​the district, according to expert estimates, there are about . Ecology. A typical herd animal, schools of tens (55% of cases) or several dozens (26%) of heads are most often observed. According to commercial data, the ratio of males and females in the herd is approximately equal. Social life is based on female dominance. They usually do not dive deeper than 8–10 m. They constantly roam following changes in ice conditions and schools of fish. In summer, most of the animals (40–60%) stay at the edge of drifting ice; about 20% live in open areas of water. Spends the winter in waters among the ice and in non-freezing areas of the sea. The duration of migrations is extended over a considerable period of time and depends on the ice conditions. In their summer habitats, animals appear on the day when the ice is broken (end of June - first ten days of July). They completely leave the area with the formation of a fairly dense or stationary ice cover (last ten days of October). Females reach sexual maturity at 6 years (minimum age 3 years), males at 6-9 years. Of the adult females, only 20% have cubs. The mating period is very extended, lasting about 6 months (May-August, peak in May-early July). Pregnancy 11 12, sometimes months. The childbearing period is extended. Usually the female brings one, less often two, cubs. Fish are of predominant importance in nutrition. Crustaceans in adults make up less than 9% of the food eaten; in young people, after finishing milk feeding, up to 50% of the diet. Limiting factors and causes of species degradation. Overfishing. The appearance of ships and the operation of technical equipment in feeding and breeding areas can cause animals to leave their permanent habitats. Security measures. Ban on fishing off the coast of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, restriction of production activities in the bays in the summer. Information sources. 1. Kleinenberg et al., 1964; 2. Matishov, Ognetov, 2006; 3. Heptner et al., 1976; 4. Azarov, 1996; 5. Klumov, 1939; 6. Larina, 2006; 7. Report, 2004; 8. Order, 2006; 9. Belkovich, 2002; 10. Evaluation of M.G. Golovatina (2010); 11. Lukin, Compiled by M.G. Golovatin 23

24 REINDER Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758) Yamalo-Beloostrovskaya population Polar Ural population Gydan population PART I. ANIMALS Order Artiodactyla Family Deer Cervidae Status. Category 1: Polar Ural, Yamalo-Beloostrovsk, Gydan populations that are in danger of extinction. The species is included in the Red Books of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2006) and the Komi Republic (2008) with the status “2nd category”, Krasnoyarsk Territory (2004) with the status “3rd category”. Morphological characteristics. Medium sized deer. The body is elongated, the legs are relatively short. The body length of an adult male is cm, the height at withers is cm. Weight from 100 to 230 kg, usually no more than kg. Females are much smaller and lighter than males. Both sexes have horns. The limbs are massive, the hooves of the middle fingers are large and flat, all fingers are mobile and can be moved apart widely. Long hair on the neck forms a mane. The mane and small “mirror” are white. The color in summer is uniform, brown; in winter it is more contrasting, with a noticeable predominance of light areas. The hair is long, coarse and brittle; the guard hairs have an air-bearing core, occupying up to 90% of the volume of each hair. Spreading. Circumpolar and boreal. In the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug there is a zone of tundra and northern taiga. From the 11th to the beginning of the 20th century, the southern border of the species’ range, which occupied the entire forest and tundra zones of Western Siberia, steadily moved north. By the middle of the 20th century, the previously continuous area had broken up into separate pockets, some of which were in the Yamalo-Beloostrovsk, Polar Ural, and Gydan populations in a threatening state. The Polar Ural population lives in the area of ​​Mount Payer, limited to the surroundings of the Somnempai, Payer and Paytanel massifs. Yamalo-Beloostrovskaya on the island. Bely, from where some of the deer go to the Yamal Peninsula in the area of ​​Cape Skuratov, the valleys of the Yakhadyyakha and Pandteyakha rivers; During the twentieth century, the southern limit of the distribution of this population from the latitude of the lake. Neito was steadily moving north. In recent years, the Gydan population has divided into two groups: Java and Tanamo-Messoyakha. The Javan group lives in the north of the Javai Peninsula, the islands of Oleniy, Sibiryakov, Shokalsky, Neupokoev, some animals were recorded in the basin of the middle reaches of the river. Yuribey. No deer have been observed on the Mammoth Peninsula in recent years. The Tanamo-Messoyakha group lives in the basins of the Antipayutayakha, Tanama and Messoyakha rivers.

25 TAXON INCLUDED IN THE RED BOOK OF THE YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT Number. The condition of most populations has not improved since the mid-1960s, when it was considered endangered. Yamalo-Beloostrovskaya population. From the late 1920s to the late 1970s, numbers dropped from 8 thousand to deer. According to the records of 1980, 1981 and 2004 on the island. White about 2 2.5 thousand individuals. Polar Ural population. Over the entire observation period (from the 1960s to the present), the number did not exceed several dozen animals. At the beginning of the 2000s, the number was, according to some sources, individuals, according to others, 150 individuals. Gydan population. According to census data from 1977, on the Gydan Peninsula and adjacent islands, about 100 animals lived. In the late 1990s and early 2000s. the number of the Java group (based on aerial surveys) was estimated at 400, the Tanamo-Messoyakha group (route survey) 100 deer. Ecology. The species as a whole has a unique ability to make long migrations over distances of up to 1000 kilometers or more. Deer living in the north of Yamal and Gydan do not make any long migrations, living in the Arctic tundra all year round. Herd animal. The maximum size of herds is formed in winter; in summer they lead a solitary or group lifestyle. Polygamy. The rut occurs in September-October. Duration of pregnancy is 7 8 months. An important woman usually brings one calf. Characterized by a very high growth rate of calves. In 2002, the proportion of calves on Shokalsky Island was 17%. Unique ability to feed on lichens. In addition to them, it uses mushrooms and almost all types of tundra flora for food, and occasionally some animal feed. Limiting factors and causes of species degradation. Poaching, especially using modern vehicles; displacement by domestic reindeer, the main and only pasture competitor; development of the oil and gas industry, construction of pipelines, railways and highways along migration routes; general intensification of anthropogenic activity in high latitudes, the consequence of which, in particular, is fires that burn pastures; spread of diseases characteristic of domestic deer. On the Yamal Peninsula and in other places of intensive reindeer husbandry, an additional factor is the progressive degradation and delichenization of pastures caused by many years of excess of reindeer carrying capacity. Security measures. Protected in the Gydansky reserve, Nadymsky, Yamalsky, Polar-Uralsky reserves. Population monitoring with regular aerial surveys. Banning hunting and increasing penalties for illegal shooting of animals. Creation of a network of specially protected areas in the habitats of groups and strict protection, including restricting access to herds of domestic deer. Regulation of the development of domestic reindeer husbandry. Construction of modern highway crossings on migration routes. Information sources. 1. Syroechkovsky, 1986; 2. Flint, Chugunov, Smirin, 1970; 3. Flerov, 1932; 4. Laptev, 1958; 5. Red Book of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 1997; 6. Skrobov, 1967; 7. Easter, Golovatin, 2001; 8. Sosin et al., 1985; 9. Zhitkov, 1913; 10. Evladov, 1929; 11. Drury, 1949; 12. Heptner et al., 1961; 13. Bakhmutov, Azarov, 1981; 14. Bolshakov, Korytin, 1999; 15. Gorchakovsky, 2005; 16. Tyulin, 1938; 17. Nature of Yamal, 1995; 18. Kupriyanov et al., 1983; 19. Krivenko et al., 2005; 20. Shirshov, 2003; 21. Skrobov, 1975; 22. Korytin, Bolshakov, Compiled by: N.S. Korytin, M.G. Golovatin, V.G. Krivenko 25

26 SECTION 2 BIRDS Scientific editors: V.K. Ryabitsev M.G. GOLOVATIN Compiled by: M.G. GOLOVATIN V.K. Ryabitsev S.P. EASTER V.A. SOKOLOV A.G. SOROKIN A.M. ERMAKOV Artist V.K. Ryabitsev LIST OF SPECIES AND SUBSPPECIES OF BIRDS INCLUDED IN THE RED BOOK OF THE YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT ORDER LOON Gaviiformes Family Loon Gaviidae White-billed loon Gavia adamsii (G.R. Gray, 1859) ORDER Anseriformes Anseriformes Family Anatidae Red-breasted goose Branta ruficollis (Pallas, 1769) Lesser white-fronted goose Anser erythropus (Linnaeus, 1758) Small (tundra) swan Cygnus bewickii (Yarell, 1830) Scoter Melanitta fusca (Linnaeus, 1758) ORDER Falconiformes Osprey family Pandionidae Osprey Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) Accipitridae family itridae Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus, 1758) White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Falconidae family Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus (Linnaeus, 1758) Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus (Tunstall, 1771) ORDER CRANIformes Gruiformes Crane family Gruidae Siberian crane Grus leucogeranus ( Pallas, 1773) Common crane Grus grus (Linnaeus, 1758) ORDER Charadriiformes Family Oystercatchers Haematopodidae Oystercatcher (mainland subspecies) Haematopus ostralegus longipes (Buturlin, 1910) 26 Family Snipe Scolopacidae Mudbird Limicola falcinellus (Pontoppidan, 1763) Great snipe Gallinago media (Latham, 1787) Great curlew Numenius arquata ( Linnaeus, 1758) ORDER OWLS Strigiformes Family Owls Strigidae Snowy owl Nyctea scandiaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Eagle owl Bubo bubo (Linnaeus, 1758) ORDER PASSERIANS Passeriformes Family Shrikes Laniidae Gray shrike Lanius excubitor (L innaeus, 1758)

27 TAXA INCLUDED IN THE RED BOOK OF THE YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT WHITE-BILLED LOON Gavia adamsii (G.R. Gray, 1859) Order Loons Gaviiformes Family Loons Gaviidae Status. Category 3. Rare migratory species. Listed in the IUCN Red List (2010) category NT (Nearly Threatened). Included in the Red Books of the Russian Federation (2001), the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2006) with the status “3rd category”, the Komi Republic (2009) with the status “2nd category”. Morphological characteristics. The size of a large goose, the build is massive. It differs from other loons in all plumages by its large yellowish-white beak. In breeding plumage, unlike black-throated and red-throated loons, it has a black head with green and purple tints, and white spots with black stripes on the neck. On the back and top of the wings are complex white spots, almost like those of a black-throated loon. Spreading. Northern tundras of Central and Eastern Siberia and North America. There are reports of nesting in the Pechora delta and on Novaya Zemlya. 27 Within the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, it is occasionally found during periods of migration and less often during nesting time. Sightings were recorded in Yamal at the mouth of the river. Kharasavey, in the vicinity of the river. Seyakha-Zelenaya, near the Tambey trading post, on the lake. Neito, on the river. Venuyeuoyakha, in the lower reaches of the river. Baydarata, on the river. Mordyyakha. On Gydan, meetings are known near the lake. Yenisei (northeast of the peninsula), in the northwest of the Mammoth peninsula, in the vicinity of the middle reaches of the river. Yuribey, on the island. Deer. For the north, Gydana is called a very rare migratory species. The most southern entry at the mouth of the river. Pelvis. There are assumptions and survey information about the possibility of nesting in the north of Yamal and Gydan, but there is no factual evidence of this. They migrate along the Arctic coast and are not found in continental areas. Number. There is obviously no permanent resident population within the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In the tundras of Central and Eastern Siberia it is a rare or very rare breeding species, but its abundance is unknown. The size of the world population is not clear. Ecology. They spend almost their entire life on the water, coming ashore only for nesting and occasionally for rest. They move on the ground with difficulty. They take off from the water, running against the wind for a long time. For nesting, the presence of large fish reservoirs is necessary. Settles both near the sea and in the inland tundra. The nest is located close to the water, usually on a sloping bank with grassy vegetation. There are usually 2 eggs in a clutch, less often 1. Both members of the pair incubate alternately. The incubation period is about 4 weeks. The chicks are covered with thick dark gray down. Soon after hatching, they can swim and dive well, but in the first days they often sit on the shore, hiding among the grass. Their parents feed them aquatic invertebrates and small fish. They acquire independence and the ability to fly at about 8 weeks of age. During non-breeding times, they stay at sea. Wintering grounds are known in non-freezing

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Goal: to introduce some types, properties and uses of medicinal plants in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

• instill the ability to use medicinal plants for diseases;
• awaken interest in the natural environment.

Venue: game room

Contingent of participants: 4-5 grades

Design: poster with the name of the lesson; illustrations; epigraph; exhibition - stand.

Equipment: disk with an arrow, board with closed letters, music center.

• Organizing time.
• Report the topic of the lesson.

Educator: Good evening, dear guests, dear children!

Today the topic of our lesson is “Medicinal plants of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug”, then we will conduct it in the form of the game “Field of Miracles”.

Before you start the game, listen to an excerpt from "Granny's Pharmacy":

When one of the relatives is sick, they always call their grandmother. She will heal a sore with bear bile, a burn with bear lard or goose fat. She washes the wound with moss infusion. If the wound has festered, wash it with wild rosemary solution. And the boil jumped up, the grandmother applied a cake of internal deer fat with larch resin. And everything passes. For stomach pain - BARK OF CHERRY AND CLOWDOWN. Mother - stepmother for coughs, pine, larch, fir resin - to keep teeth strong and healthy. And instead of tea, grandma will give you infusions that help you stay healthy. For the winter, she prepares birch leaves, a tree fungus that grows on birch - chaga, fireweed - tea, leaves of princelings, currants and lingonberries. Everything that grandma treats with is called folk remedies.

Dear guys, today we will dedicate the game to medicinal plants that grow in our region, in the tundra, forests and swamps. If we use them skillfully, then we can preserve our health and beauty for many years. We are surrounded by plants everywhere: trees, shrubs, herbs, flowers, berries. And we don’t think about the fact that every clearing is a rich pharmacy. Birch buds are used to treat the liver, and a birch broom will drive out all illnesses in the bathhouse. If you feel bad or dizzy, it means your body doesn’t have enough vitamins. In this case, tea with rowan fruits will help. The list of healing properties of plants can be long and long. Many books have been written about this:

Let's start the game.

1st round

Educator: to choose the first three players, I will ask riddles.

• There are pieces of amber lying on the hummocks; if you put them in your mouth, they will immediately melt (cloudberries)
• Ten black beads hang on one branch (blueberries)
• Climbed through the ground, put on a Russian hat (mushroom)

Presentation of the first three players.

Assignment: Grows in coniferous and mixed forests, in the tundra, on high peat bogs. Flowers in June, red fruits, sweet and sour berries ripening at the end of August. The leaves should be collected during flowering, and the berries when ripe. In our region, residents harvest for personal needs to make jam, syrup, compote. What berry are we talking about? (cowberry)

Educator: In folk medicine, lingonberries are especially loved. Raw and dried berries (as well as jam made from them) are a good dietary remedy that improves stomach activity, especially with low acidity. Lingonberry fruits are used for diarrhea and other digestive disorders. Lingonberry leaves are used as a diuretic for kidney stones, as well as for liver diseases and an astringent for stomach diseases (in the form of tea).

We reveal the winners of the first three players.

2 round

Educator: We choose the second three players.

What does grass offer?
In the meadows in the wilderness
A person with good tea,
Bees with nectar from the heart (Ivan-tea)

In the summer I'm glad to be fresh
bear berry,
And dried for stock
Cures us from colds (raspberries)

Name the berry, which in some places was called zharovika (cranberry) for its bright color?

Resignation of the second three players.

Exercise. This is a low shrub. It has long been used as a medicine.

It has a stimulating effect, helps with dysentery, regulates the functioning of the stomach and intestines. Especially used to improve vision.

What is the name of this berry? (blueberry).

Winner (prizes).

3rd round

Educator: Third three players.

Quiz

1. What kind of tree mushroom is used in traditional medicine and religious rituals of the Nenets? (chaga)
2. The smell of the flowers of this shrub clouds the mind and drives away moths.
3. Name it (Ledum)
4. What berry leaves can be used to brew tea? (lingonberries, blueberries)
5. Exercise. It grows along river banks, in floodplains, ravines, and forests. The berries contain a lot of vitamin C. Increases the body's defenses and resistance to infections, improves ability to work and stimulates metabolism. Seed oil is effective in healing wounds (rosehip).

Winner (prize)

About rosehip. Listen to an excerpt from the story. What does the writer compare rosehip flowers with? Are they beautiful?

Along the sides of the path, rose hips stood like high and steep walls and bloomed with such a damp fire that even the early sunlight falling on the foliage seemed cold and pale next to the rose hips. It seemed as if the rosehip flowers were forever separated from the thorny branches and hung in the air like a bright little flame. (K. Paustovsky)

Playing with the audience.

Exercise. Grows in moss swamps, swampy forests, moss-lichen tundras. Used as a cardiac, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, healing agent. (cloudberry)

The final. Presentation of the finalists.

Exercise. “The Tree of Four Things” is what people call this tree. It is suitable for many things, but most importantly, it has treated and continues to treat people for many diseases. Medical activated carbon and tar are obtained from its wood (birch)

A poem about a birch tree.

I am forever for fog and dew
I fell in love with the birch tree,
And her golden braids
And her canvas sundress.
S. Yesenin

Winner's reward ceremony.

Super game

Exercise. Which drink is a good protection against the harmful effects of sun rays? (tea)

Educator: Those who are afraid of tanning should wash their face with tea before going out into the sun. Anyone who has been burned should apply a compress of warm tea to the burned areas of the skin; this will relieve pain, reduce fever, and refresh the skin.

Ivan tea is a very valuable plant. Used for gastritis, gastroenteritis. As a remedy to calm the nervous system, for insomnia, neurosis, neurasthenia. It has already been proven that fireweed tea also has an antitumor effect. It is collected during and after flowering. If you are late to collect flowers, you can also use leaves. Only fruits are not collected from him. Previously, bread was baked from the roots of fireweed.

It was not for nothing that I ended the game with the word “tea”. Tea is the exciting smell of the tundra, the fragrance of herbs, the eternal power of our land. Herbal teas invigorate and give people the energy of the earth.

Take advantage of this wealth that nature has given us, you will always be healthy and beautiful!

Reflection

Did you enjoy the activity?

Literature

1. Nyaruy V.N. Serpivo V.M. Nenets. St. Petersburg, 2002
2. Nyaruy V.N. Extracurricular activities in a rural school in Yamal. - Salekhard, 2002
3. Potupalo T.N. Love and know your native land. - Salekhard, 2002
4. Historical and cultural popular science magazine: Yamal Meridian No. 7/ 2001 Salekhard.

Student of the veterinary department of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug “Yamal Polar Agroeconomic College of Salekhard Lapypova Albina Medicinal plants of Yamal

Plantain 1. Perennial herbaceous plant, 30-50 cm high. Blooms in June - September. Leaves and inflorescences are harvested during flowering, seeds in autumn. 2. Its leaves contain glycosite, aucubin, tannins and bitter substances, enzymes, citric acid, vitamins C, B and K, as well as alkaloids and phytoncides. The seeds contain mucus, fatty oil, and oleic acid. 3. Has anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, analgesic, wound-healing, blood purifying, expectorant and enhancing gastric secretory activity. 4. Improves appetite, useful for chronic gastritis, colitis, flatulence, stomach ulcers. A decoction of the leaves is used in the treatment of tuberculosis, bronchitis, severe cough, and sore throat.

Horsetail 1. Difficult to eradicate weed from several centimeters to several meters. 2. Used as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, tonic, wound healing and astringent. Horsetails also help with heart failure, hypertension, gout and wound healing, and improve water-salt metabolism. 3. In addition, it is believed that horsetail herb helps with certain malignant neoplasms, internal and external bleeding, cholelithiasis and kidney stones.

t Ledum Low-growing, evergreen, poisonous shrub, up to 1 meter high. The above-ground part of the plant is used for medicinal purposes. 2. Has bactericidal, anti-inflammatory, expectorant effects. 3. An infusion of wild rosemary herb is used as a sweatogenic remedy for colds, bronchitis, coughs, pulmonary tuberculosis, and also for intestinal inflammation. 4. During epidemics, wild rosemary is used as an antiseptic in the form of a decoction orally, and is instilled into the nose.

Juniper This bush is extremely useful. Where it is planted, the air is much cleaner. 2. Preparations made from them are prescribed for diseases of the kidneys and bladder, as an anti-inflammatory agent, and are also used in the treatment of dermatitis and eczema. Its oils are used for rheumatism, polyarteritis, neurogia and radiculitis. Juniper root is used to treat pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchitis and skin diseases. A decoction of branches is recommended for allergies. 3. Also used as a spice in cooking. Juniper wood is used to make pencils and canes.

Icelandic moss - (Deer moss) Used: Tuberculosis, asthma, softens cough, relieves toothache and tonsil inflammation. relieves stomach cramps, activates the digestion process, cleanses the bile ducts. Regular use of Icelandic moss increases appetite. Used in the form of decoctions and tinctures

Ivan tea 1. A perennial plant, popular in folk medicine in many countries. Ivan tea leaves contain vitamin C (6 times more than lemon), carotene, alkaloids, sugar, pectin, microelements: manganese, iron, copper, calcium, potassium, sodium, vit. B-12, 2. It has anti-inflammatory and enveloping properties. Effective for stomach and duodenal ulcers, colitis and gastritis. 3. The content of vitamin C in Ivan tea greens in large quantities makes it indispensable for anemia and metabolic disorders. It has a general strengthening and tonic effect on the body, and also stimulates the immune system. 4.Ivan tea roots can be eaten raw and baked, made into flour and baked bread.

Lingonberry An evergreen plant, in the form of a bush. Rich in vitamins: A, B, C, E. 2. Lingonberry leaves are used as an anti-inflammatory, astringent, choleretic, and antimicrobial drug. For kidney disease or gout, a decoction of the leaves softens and removes stones and salts. 3. Lingonberry juice is also useful for pregnant women; it is used for anemia and neuroses. 4. Lingonberries are also used in cosmetology. Used for skin rejuvenation, as it is a good antioxidant.

Nettle Nettle grows as a weed, but is very useful in cooking, cosmetology and medicine. 2. Nettle contains vitamin K, which is of great importance for blood clotting. Also treats blood vessels. It is famous for the rapid removal of various toxins from the human body. 3. Has beneficial properties for people with chronic diseases, atherosclerosis and tuberculosis. 4. Has an anti-inflammatory effect and has a healing effect on all diseases of the liver and bladder.

Rowan A small tree up to 10-20 meters in height. Its fruits contain up to 1.5% proteins, up to 12% sugars, 3% organic acids, a significant amount of carotene, vitamin C, as well as vitamins B, PP, R. 2. Rowan is a reliable prophylactic for vitamin deficiencies. Serves as a diaphoretic diuretic and hemostatic agent. 3. Useful for tuberculosis, scurvy, cough, goiter, liver diseases, hemorrhoids, gastritis, rheumatism and polyarthritis of urolithiasis.

The growing season of plants in the area lasts only two months a year. Despite the almost year-round frost, the biome thrives and surprises with the variety of flora. The word tundra comes from the Finnish “tunturia”, which means treeless lands. There are harsh winds here and most plants grow in groups, creating a natural protective barrier.

There are more than 400 species of plants that are found in the tundra, but only a few of them grow year-round. Plant growth issues are directly related to tundra soil. There is a thick layer of soil under the ice that rarely thaws, so plants with the smallest roots are able to withstand the climatic conditions of the tundra.

The fact that plant life is present in the tundra plays a significant role in the conservation of other life forms. When plants die and decompose, many organisms use them to feed themselves throughout the long winter months.

Read also:

Here is a list and brief description of some perennial plants that have successfully adapted to tundra conditions:

Bearberry

Bearberry or bearberry, bear's ear, bear's ear, is not actually a bearberry, although "clubfoots" have been observed eating it. Red berries and green leaves attract owls and birds that fly to the tundra. The plant is uniquely adapted to the climatic conditions of the tundra, as it grows low to the ground. It is not exactly a ground cover plant as it is short in height. Berries on bearberry can be present throughout the year.

Ledum is an amazing small shrub plant with slightly curved leaves and a stem that resembles hairy legs, which helps the plant retain heat in the harsh conditions of the tundra. An unusual feature of the plant is that it is not eaten by tundra animals because of its essential oils, which have a pungent odor and toxic properties.

Diamond sheet

Diamond leaf is a plant from the willow family, but has significant differences from its other representatives. These are low willows that grow close to the ground. Like wild rosemary, it has a kind of hair that covers its stems and roots and also retains heat. Diamond leaf is an edible plant consumed by both humans and animals as it is rich in calcium and other vitamins. The plant is very flexible and grows separately, it cannot be found in groups of plants protected from harsh winds.

Arctic moss is the most common member of the tundra flora and is not very different from the moss that grows in other biomes. It can grow on the surface of the earth, but prefers water. The plant does not have a root system, but contains rhizoids. Moss is also covered with small leaves, which occupy one cell in thickness and make it easy to provide for yourself at the expense of. Arctic moss is the main food source for many, as it is rich in nutrients and grows throughout the year. When it dies, it becomes an important source of nutrients for other organisms. It is also an important food item for birds during their migration. Arctic moss is interesting to researchers because it shows the natural evolution of life in harsh climates.

Arctic willow is native to the tundra region of North America, which consists of Northern Alaska and Northern Canada. The plant is a shrub, reaches a height of 15-20 cm and grows in a carpet.

Caribou moss grows in arctic and boreal regions around the world. It can be found on the ground and rocks, reaching a height of 10 centimeters. When there is no light or water, caribou moss goes into hibernation, but after a long period of dormancy it can begin to grow again.

Saxifraga crested has thick main stems and several straight flower stems, 3-15 cm long. Each stem contains about 2-8 flowers. The flower consists of five white petals. The plant can be found on rocky slopes from Alaska to the Cascades, Olympic Mountains and northwest Oregon.

Lumbago

The lumbago belongs to the Ranunculaceae family. Plant height is 5-40 cm. Each stem has one flower with 5-8 petals. Flower color varies from lavender to almost white. It grows on south-facing slopes and is found from the northwestern United States to northern Alaska. It is also the national flower of South Dakota.

The research object is located in the Tyumen region on the territory of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Yamal Peninsula.

Figure 1. Yamal Peninsula

Yamal is a peninsula in the north of Western Siberia, on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Russia. The length of the peninsula is 700 km, width up to 240 km. It is washed by the Kara Sea and the Ob Bay.

Figure 2. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

The climate of the Yamal Peninsula is subarctic. The climate is influenced by warm air masses coming from the Atlantic Ocean and cold air masses coming from the polar regions. This leads to a wide range of temperatures and a variety of winds, and as a result of the collision of these masses, a large amount of precipitation falls, snow storms and glaciations of the coastal zone occur. The coldest months in Yamal are January, February and March with average monthly temperatures of minus 24-26°C, the warmest are July and August with average monthly temperatures of plus 5-6°C. For the Tambey weather station, the average number of days per year with temperatures below zero is two hundred and fifty-eight days. The highest temperature recorded here reached plus 30°C, and the lowest - minus 50°C. Summer is short and cool, at night

the temperature often drops to below zero. The warmest month is August, when the maximum air temperature is plus 9-11°C.

Figure 3. Nature of Yamal in summer

Figure 4. Yamal in winter

On the Yamal Peninsula, southern and southeastern winds predominate in winter and predominantly northern winds in summer. The windiest weather occurs in autumn and winter. At this time, a maximum wind speed of 110 km/h was recorded. In summer, maximum wind speeds can reach 70 km/h, which occurs approximately once every fifty years. The maximum wind speed over the Kara Sea was recorded at

level of 140 km/h, which may cause problems for shipping for a short period.

Snow cover in watershed areas is insignificant (0.4 m), in lower areas of the relief it is over 2-3 m. Permanent snow cover is established in October, snow melting begins in June.

The average annual precipitation is 320-350 mm, most precipitation falls in the period June - September.

The landscapes of the peninsula are represented by tundra, in the south there are forest-tundra areas. There are numerous lakes.

Figure 5. Landscape of Yamal

The territory of the peninsula is a relatively flat, low-lying plain. The structural features and lithology of Yamal reflect alternating periods of transgression or regression of the sea and erosional incisions. In most of the peninsula, the relief has a stepped structure, descending from the center to the periphery. The interfluve plains have absolute elevations from 45-60 to 80-90 m.

2.2 Soils, flora and fauna of Yamal

The soil and vegetation cover of the territory is distinguished by two main features - classically expressed zoning and a high degree of hydromorphism. In the Far North, tundra, arctic, gley and peat-bog soils are common. Podzolic soils are found in riverine areas where there is good drainage of excess moisture.

It takes many hundreds of years to form full-fledged soil, especially in the harsh conditions of the north. Therefore, the soil cover here requires special care.

Plants of the North are well adapted to life in such difficult conditions. In the north of the peninsula, shrub-grass-lichen-moss arctic tundras grow, in the central part - shrub-moss northern tundras, in the south - dwarf birch moss-lichen, southern tundras. But the agricultural crops we are accustomed to take root here with difficulty. Attempts to develop the soils of the district were made three centuries ago. All centers of agriculture were concentrated in the Ob valley, on its sandy terraces. In the last century, serious experimental work was carried out on the cultivation of grain crops, potatoes, and vegetables. The traditions of northern agriculture are being developed by the Yamal Experimental Station, where high sustainable yields of barley, oats, potatoes, vegetables, and perennial grasses are obtained, and agrotechnical methods for their cultivation are being developed taking into account local climatic conditions. In the foreseeable future, farming in the district will remain local and will provide natural livestock with succulent feed. And it is more profitable to import grain, vegetables, and fruits from the south.

A much more important and promising area of ​​agricultural research today is the creation of agricultural technologies for the biological reclamation of disturbed land. If the current pace of industrial development of Yamal and Gydan continues, then in the near future the area of ​​disturbed land will amount to hundreds of thousands of hectares. To restore these lands today, it is necessary to create specialized farms equipped with agricultural machinery and personnel.

The fauna of the described territory is quite diverse. The fauna of the Yamalo-Nenets District includes about 300 species of vertebrates, including 40 species of mammals, up to 200 species of birds, 40 species of fish, 3 species of amphibians and one reptile. The species composition of forest-tundra animals is the most diverse.

The northern regions of the tundra are inhabited by the white arctic fox, wild reindeer, polar wolf, wolverine, hare, ermine, weasel and a number of mouse-like animals - lemmings, voles, and shrews. The Ob lemming can be found in large numbers only in the north, while the hoofed lemming lives in the middle part of the district and in the Polar Urals. In the south of the taiga zone there are: sable, weasel, squirrel, chipmunk, which do not enter the Arctic tundra. Polar bears are found on the islands and coast of the Kara Sea. In the coastal waters of the sea, beluga whales are found among cetaceans, and among pinnipeds - seals, harp seals, bearded seals, and walruses.

Most representatives of the bird fauna, about 90 species, are small passerines. Quite a lot of waders - 37 species. It will be a surprise for many hunters to learn that there are 23 species of ducks in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug alone, and 18 nesting species. In summer, the tundra is home to more than 75 species of birds (snowy owl, tundra and ptarmigan, snow bunting, skuas, waders, ducks, swans, geese, geese). Most birds are migratory, with waterfowl predominating among them.

Figure 6. Wild animals of Yamal

The abundance of swamps and humid air create favorable conditions for the reproduction of insects, especially dipterans (mosquitoes, woodlice, midges, horseflies), as well as for such insects as the May beetle, pine cutworm, Siberian pine and gypsy moths, red ants, etc. The abundance of blood-sucking insects makes it difficult economic activity in the warm season of the year.