Sections: Biology

Class: 8

Target:

• form an understanding of the different types of injuries to the supporting system;
• develop the ability to provide first aid for damaged joints, bones and sprained ligaments;
• cultivate a caring attitude towards your health and the health of others.

Equipment: Model of the human skeleton, tables “Structure of bones”, “Types of bone joints”, electronic supplement to the textbook “Bustard. Biology. 8th grade"; simple splints, dressings, scarves. Handout cards ( Annex 1); presentation for the lesson ( Appendix 2), Appendix 3.

Lesson Plan

I. Organizational moment (welcoming students, checking absentees).

II. Repetition.

III. Learning new material.

1. Updating students' knowledge.

2. Injuries to bones and joints are the most common types of injuries to the musculoskeletal system.

3. First aid measures for joint dislocations.

4. Sprain. First aid measures.

5. Types of fractures. First aid measures.

IV. Consolidation of the studied material.

V. Practical work.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment(greeting students, checking absentees).

Good afternoon guys! I am glad to see you in full force at the lesson.

II. Repetition of previously studied material.

During the last lessons, we studied the topic “Skeleton”, examined its structure, properties and types of bone connections.

Let's remember:

1) what parts the skeleton consists of (skeleton of the head, skeleton of the torso, skeleton of the upper and lower extremities).

2) What is included in the upper limbs?

3) What is included in the lower extremities?

4) Carrying out a creative task in groups.

1 – group:

Exercise 1: Select the numbers that indicate the bones of the skeleton of the upper limbs, arrange them in order from top to bottom.

Task 2: Select the numbers under which the components forming the bone are sequentially located.

2 – group:

Exercise 1: Select the numbers that indicate the bones of the skeleton of the lower extremities, arrange them in order from top to bottom.

Task 2: Select the numbers under which the components forming the joint are sequentially located.

articular head	...era.”
shoulder blades	30
pelvic bones	piss...
wrist	seventy
tarsus	...writing...
periosteum	with
collarbone	November
hip	calf
compact substance	day
shoulder	perform...
tibia	Twain,
phalanges of the fingers	years
radius	one hundred
glenoid cavity	Soy...
patella	Brand
elbow bone	...there is
joint fluid	Tom
phalanges of the toes	“I’ll stick...
spongy substance	birth
joint capsule	...readings
metacarpus	five
tibia	on the..
Bone marrow	American
metatarsus	...shego

Right answers

1st group:task #1: 2,7,10,16,13,4,21,12

Task No. 2: 6,9,19,23

Group 2: task #1: 3,8,15,11,22,5,24,18

Task No. 2: 20,17,14,1

November 30 marks the 175th anniversary of the birth of the American writer Mark Twain, who wrote “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.”

Individual tasks: sign the drawing “Structure of the skeleton”, insert the missing letters into the words written on the board: hu... humi... .chat foot, shock absorber.

III. Learning new material. Slide No. 6

1. Updating students’ knowledge.

– Two students were arguing. One argued that bone is a complex living organ, the other denied it. Which one is right and why?

– Part of the femur was removed from a young rooster, leaving the periosteum. After some time, the rooster's bone was restored. What does this experience prove?

Slide No. 7. – What human features are associated with upright walking?

curves of the spine, the cerebral part of the skull is larger than the facial part, the big toe is opposed to the rest, the arched foot.

Slide number 8. – What is the structure of the joint?

• What covers the socket of the scapula and the head of the humerus? (cartilage)
• What is in the articular cavity? (joint fluid)
• What is indicated by numbers 1 and 2? (tendon)

1. Injuries to bones and joints are the most common types of injuries to the musculoskeletal system.

Slide number 9. In various everyday situations, accidents suddenly occur. Just suddenly, all of a sudden. If an accident occurs, what should you do? Quickly call a doctor, paramedic, nurse... And how to help the victim while walking, on a hike, or just on the street? Rely only on yourself and those people who happen to be nearby.

Slide No. 10,11,12

Analyze the situations.

Situation 1.

Nina, as usual, picked up Natasha on her way to school. The girls were in a hurry; they needed to go to the library before classes. As they climbed the school stairs, a noisy crowd of high school students walked towards them. They didn't even notice that they pushed Nina. She fell on her hand. I almost cried from the pain. After some time, Nina told Natasha that her hand was swelling. The girls didn't know what to do.

– What would you do if you were the girls? (Suggested answer: dislocation)

Situation 2.

The bell rang from class. There was a big break ahead, so the whole class ran out into the schoolyard. Here everyone did their own thing. The boys went in different directions, and the girls got carried away with the game “Jump with me.”

She was very fashionable in this quarter among the girls. Irina was cheerful and definitely wanted to win. When she jumped, her leg caught on something and Ira fell. She was terribly ashamed in front of her classmates for her awkwardness. But the pain in my knee was the worst. The girl, limping, stepped aside. Her friend could only console Ira. They didn't know what to do. (Suggested answer: sprain)

Situation 3.

Every summer Julia vacationed with her grandmother in the village. This summer she went there with her younger brother Pashka. Friends and fun games awaited them here. One day one of the guys brought a book about the Indians. From that day on, girls and boys spent a lot of time climbing trees. They thought that this is how their favorite heroes, the Indians, lived.

Once, during a fierce battle between hostile tribes, Pashka fell from a tree. But since he was still a little Indian, he could not stand the pain and began to cry. It was so loud that all the redskins came running. Pashka's shoulder hurt badly. None of the guys knew what to do. Only the boy, whom everyone called the Wise Head, said gloomily: “A turning point.” This word made Yulia feel bad, and she took her brother to work with her grandmother. “I was very afraid that something serious had happened to him. He was in terrible pain, and I couldn’t help him!” - Yulia recalls...

(Suggested answer: fracture)

Slide No. 13

The goal of our lesson is to consider and discuss various skeletal injuries, as well as learn how to provide first aid to the victim. (Write down the topic of the lesson in your notebook)

2-4. First aid measures for skeletal injuries.

Slide No. 14. Determination of types of skeletal damage.

Look at the pictures and determine where the fracture, dislocation and sprain are

Try to characterize each skeletal injury

Slide No. 15

– What is accompanied by a dislocated joint? How does a person feel?

– What assistance should be provided to a victim with a dislocation?

If your existing knowledge is not enough, refer to the textbook p. 256 (Students carefully read and write in their notebooks what a dislocation is)

Dislocation is an awkward movement in a joint accompanied by displacement of bones. When dislocated, the articular head comes out of the articular cavity. The ligaments are stretched and sometimes ruptured, which is accompanied by severe pain. Trying to correct a sprain without a doctor can result in even more serious damage.

First aid for a dislocation is to first of all ensure complete rest for the joint. The arm should be suspended on a scarf or bandage, and a splint should be applied to the leg using available means. To reduce pain, apply an ice pack or cold water to the injured joint. Then the victim must be taken to a doctor.

Slide No. 16

– What are the symptoms of a sprained ligament?

– What assistance should be provided to the victim?

Stretches: As a result of awkward movements or bruises, the ligaments that connect the bones in the joint can be damaged. Swelling appears around the joint, sometimes hemorrhage, and severe pain occurs. This type of joint damage is called a sprain.

When providing assistance, apply an ice pack or a towel soaked in cold water to the damaged area. Cooling relieves pain, prevents the development of edema, and reduces the amount of internal hemorrhage. When a ligament is sprained, a tight fixing bandage is also needed. Do not pull, pull, or heat the injured limb. After providing first aid, you should consult a doctor.

Slide No. 17 - What is a fracture? What are the symptoms of a fracture? How can I help?

Bone fractures: Despite their strength, bones sometimes break with injuries, severe bruises, or falls. Fractures of limb bones occur more often.

If a fracture is suspected, complete immobility of the damaged part of the body will relieve pain and prevent the displacement of bone fragments, which can damage surrounding tissues with sharp edges.

The broken limb is immobilized with a splint. Special splints are available in medical institutions and pharmacies. At the scene of the incident, they can be made from boards, branches, cardboard. To prevent the splint from pressing on the fracture, a soft bedding is placed under it. The tire should be located not only on the damaged area, but also on neighboring ones. So, if the bones of the forearm are fractured, the splint should fit both the shoulder and the hand. In this case, the parts of the broken bone do not move. The splint is tightly bandaged to the limb with wide bandages. If there is no splint, the broken arm is bandaged to the body, and the injured leg is bandaged to the healthy one.

In open fractures, the sharp ends of the broken bone tear muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and skin. Then you need to treat the wound, apply a clean bandage, and then a splint.

Not every fracture can be treated with a splint. If a rib fracture is suspected, the victim is asked to exhale as much air as possible from the lungs and then breathe shallowly. With this type of breathing, the chest is tightly bandaged.

In case of spinal fractures, it is necessary to place the victim on a hard surface face down and call an ambulance. Under no circumstances should the victim be transported in a sitting position, as the weight of the body can cause the spine to move and damage the spinal cord.

In case of skull fractures, the victim should be laid on his back, his head slightly elevated to avoid intracranial hemorrhage, and immediately call a doctor.

Warehouse No. 18. Scheme: “Types of skeletal damage.”

Summarize. Today we learned how to provide first aid for sprained ligaments, dislocated joints and broken bones.

Reinforcing the material learned

Practical work.(Slide No. 19)

Provide first aid to a classmate with a fracture of the bones of the forearm, lower leg (material at hand for providing assistance on the tables).

(additionally, if there is time, then the next slide)

Slide No. 20

– What injury is shown in the picture?

– How to provide first aid?

– What is the difference between a closed fracture and an open one?

– What first aid measures should be provided to a victim with an open fracture?

I wish you guys that the situation “and suddenly...” never arises in your life.

Homework.

(Slide No. 23)

Information sources:

1. http://www.alenka.jam-station.ru/a_clinic/1/show/3?comment=1
2. http://pktutorials.ucoz.ru/publ/8-1-0-3
3. http://www.doktorvisus.ru/medarticle/articles/33015.htm
4. Electronic manual Biology, 8th grade. Human. Publishing center “Drofa”.
5. Sementsova V.N. Biology. 8th grade. Technological maps of lessons: methodological manual. – St. Petersburg: “Parity”, 2003. 240 p. (Series “Lesson Planning”.)
6. Pepelyaeva O.V., Suntsova I.V.. Lesson developments for educational kits “Biology.
7. Man”, 8th grade, D.V. Kolesova, R.D. Masha, I.I.
8. Belyaeva, A.S. Batueva and others; – VAKO, 2005. – 416 p. (To help the school teacher).
9. Lesson summary from Marina Aleksandrovna Atnagulova, biology teacher

Presentation by Tatyana Vladimirovna Gladkova
Presentation and development of a lesson by Svetlana Konstantinovna Larionova
Brief history: Hippocrates introduced the concept of fractures,
N. I. Pirogov used gypsum
bandages.
Bardenheyer treated the fractures with traction.
Steinman proposed skeletal
traction using injected into the bone
metal nail.
K. F. Wegner created adhesive plaster
traction without splints in combination with
active movements from the first days.

Fractures.

Fractures (fracture) - complete or
partial disruption of bone integrity with
load exceeding strength
injured area of ​​the skeleton.

Classification of fractures.

I. From origin:
1. Congenital
2. Purchased:
Pathological.
Traumatic injuries are divided into open and closed.

Classification of fractures. II. From the direction of the fracture line:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Transverse
Oblique
Longitudinal
Spiral
Splintered
Fragmented
7. Tear-off
8. Wedge-shaped
9. Hammered
10.Toothed
11. Smashed
12.Compression

Classification of fractures.

III. From the nature of the damage:
1. Incomplete fractures are:
Cracks
Brokenness
Breaks
Holes
Subperiosteal fractures
2. Complete fractures:
Full
Incomplete

Etiology.

Causes are divided into producing and predisposing.
Producing - mechanical impacts (bruises,
blows, jolts).
Predisposing – mineral and vitamin
failure, pathological and physiological
changes in bone tissue (vitaminosis, osteomyelitis,
old age).

Clinical picture.

There are relative and absolute
signs of fractures.
Relative – pain and soreness,
swelling, deformation, disorder
functions.
Absolute – pathological
mobility and crepitation of fragments.

First aid.

First aid consists of transport
immobilization using improvised splints
materials.
Immobilization of the lower limb is more convenient
carried out using a transport bus
Diterichs, upper - ladder bus
Kramer.

Diagnostics.

Diagnosis is made based on clinical
signs and is clarified by x-ray
research conducted in two standard
projections.
X-ray signs - presence
fracture lines, cortical breaks,
displacement of fragments, changes in bone
structures.

Treatment.

Basic principles of treatment:
reposition of bone fragments.
holding, creating immobility
juxtaposed bone fragments and
organ immobilization.
the use of means and methods that accelerate
callus formation and fusion
bones.
Methods: - conservative
- operational

Conservative method of treatment.

1. Immobilization with a plaster cast.
Advantages: simplicity; patient's mobility,
ambulatory treatment; no damage
skin and the possibility of infectious
complications.
2. Constant traction method.
Advantages: accuracy and controllability
gradual reposition; opportunity to follow
condition of the limb; the danger is sharply reduced
development of contractures; possibility of application
physiotherapeutic methods of treatment, massage.

Surgical treatment.

The absolute indications are:
Open fractures.
Damage to vital organs from bone fragments
(brain, spinal cord, large vessels, nerves).
Soft tissue interposition
False joint.
Purulent-inflammatory complications of a fracture.
Incorrectly healed fractures with gross disruption.
Relative indications:
A failed attempt to reduce bone fragments.
Delayed consolidation of the fracture.
Transverse fractures of long tubular bones when
bone fragments cannot be juxtaposed or held.
Malunited fractures with minor
dysfunction of the organ.

Compression devices.

Their advantages are that
fixing pins are placed outside the fracture
Ilizarov apparatuses are used,
Gudushauri, Volkova – Oganesyan.

Clamps with shape memory.

Create conditions for early functional
load, which excludes the development
post-immobilization contractures.
Nickelide titanium has complete biological
and chemical inertness.

Osteosynthesis with a bundle of wires.

The operation is little traumatic.

Dislocations.

Dislocations - violation of congruence
articular surfaces of bones, as with
violation of the integrity of the joint capsule,
and without violation, under the influence
mechanical forces (trauma) or
destructive processes in the joint (arthrosis,
arthritis).

Classification.

I. By origin:
Congenital dislocations.
Purchased.
Traumatic dislocations.
Pathological (spontaneous) dislocations.
Habitual dislocations.
II. Depending on the damage there are:
Closed.
Open.
III. Depending on the time, there are:
Fresh - the dislocation is less than 3 days old.
Stale – the injury is less than 14 days old.
Old – the injury is more than 2-3 weeks old.

Classification.

IV. According to the degree of displacement of the articular surfaces:
Complete dislocation.
Incomplete (subluxation).
V. Depending on complications:
1. Uncomplicated dislocations.
2. Complicated:
Fracture (fracture dislocation).
Rupture of tendons, muscles
Damage to great vessels and nerve bundles.
Purulent arthritis.

Etiology.

Etiology.
Injuries with rupture of the joint capsule and ligaments:
indirect injury, sudden muscle contraction.
Diseases of the joints with changes or
destruction of articular surfaces
articulating bones (osteomyelitis, tuberculosis)
Congenital abnormalities of joints and bones.
Premature termination of immobilization in
after the first dislocation.

Clinical picture.

– Sharp pain in the joint area and inability to
performing active and passive movements in it.
– Deformation in the joint area, forced for everyone
joint position of the limb. Active movements
impossible, shortening is determined, less often lengthening and
change in the axis of the limb.
– On palpation, pain in the area is determined
joint, sometimes it is possible to palpate the articular end not at
your usual place.
Passive movements are severely limited and painful.

First aid.

First aid - apply cold to the injured area
joint, use of painkillers (analgin,
promedol, etc.), limb immobilization including
the position she assumed after the injury.
The upper limb is suspended on a scarf or
bandage dressing, the lower one is immobilized when
using tires or improvised means.

Diagnostics.

The diagnosis of dislocation is established if the following data are available:
History of trauma (fall, sudden movement);
Strong pain;
Deformation of the joint area, noticeable when compared with the healthy side;
Forced position of the limb, characteristic of each type of dislocation;
Changing the direction of the axis of the dislocated limb in relation to
adjacent identification points;
Lack of active and sharp limitation of passive movements in the joint;
“Spring fixation”, in which an attempt to do a certain
passive movement to remove a limb from a forced position,
meets elastic, springy resistance and she again accepts that
same position;
The articular end, which came out of the articular cavity during dislocation,
is not palpable in its usual place or is not detectable at all.

Treatment.

There are 3 stages in treatment:
1. Reduction
2. Limb immobilization
3. Function restoration.
Used for reduction
Kocher and Janelidze methods.

Treatment.

For reduction, Mota methods are used,
Hippocrates.

Surgical treatment.

Indications for surgical treatment:
open dislocations;
irreducible fresh dislocations (interposition
soft tissue);
old dislocations;
habitual dislocations.
The purpose of surgical treatment is
eliminating dislocations and strengthening ligaments and
joint capsules.

Immobilization and rehabilitation.

immobilization for an average of 2-3 weeks
after 1-2 weeks while maintaining soft
immobilization gradually begins
movements in the joint, conduct a course of treatment
physical education
complete cure occurs in 30-40 days,
and full load capability is achieved
in 2-3 months.

Problematic question: We often go hiking with friends and everything always ends well, but this time Arthur injured his leg while crossing the river on the bridge, the leg quickly became swollen and Arthur could no longer step on it. How to help a person who has been injured and what do you need to know to do this?

What is a dislocation? A persistent displacement of the articular surfaces of articulating bones relative to each other is called a dislocation. Most often, dislocations occur in the shoulder, elbow, ankle and other joints. In this case, a sharp pain is felt in the damaged joint, which intensifies with movement, and the joint swells.

What is stretching? In case of injuries, violent or awkward movements, when the displacement of the bones in the joint is greater than the permissible value or does not correspond to the usual direction, damage to the ligaments occurs. Swelling develops around the damaged joint and severe pain occurs. Stretching is often accompanied by damage to blood vessels and hemorrhages.

First aid for fractures and dislocations is to stop movement in the damaged joint. When an arm or leg is broken, splints are used to ensure immobility. If you don’t have them, you can use a stick, an umbrella, or a bundle of twigs. In extreme cases, a broken arm can be bandaged to the chest, a leg to a healthy leg.

You definitely need to put cotton wool and gauze under the splint, and then bandage it tightly to the limb. The splint should cover two joints: one above and the other below the fracture. To prevent the limb from swelling, a splint is bandaged to the injured limb, starting from the fingers upward.

In case of an open fracture, before applying a splint, the skin around the wound is lubricated with tincture of iodine and a sterile bandage is applied to the wound. You cannot set a broken bone or dislocation on your own, as you can damage nerves, blood vessels and other tissues. This is only allowed to be done by a doctor in a medical institution.

Conclusion: As a result of our research, we came to the conclusion that Arthur has a dislocated ankle joint. Symptoms: sharp pain when walking, swelling. First aid - cooling the joint (ice), fixing bandage, stopping movement in the damaged joint.

Literature: 1. Textbook. 7th grade. Fundamentals of life safety. LLC Publishing House AST, Encyclopedia for children. Human. Avanta, Alive and Well. A complete guide to providing. First aid for children and adolescents. Linda Wolf., M., Russian book, 1995

First aid for: fractures, bruises, dislocations and sprains

Discipline teacher "Fundamentals of Life Safety" GBPOU Moscow ETC No. 22

Kedrov Leonid Evgenievich

Injury

Stretching

Select

Dislocation

Fracture

What is a bruise?

First aid for bruise

First aid for bruises

What is a bruise?

Injury- this is injury to the soft tissues of the body (skin, fat, blood vessels) without serious damage to the skin during a fall or impact with a blunt object. Main symptoms of bruise– pain in the damaged area, formation of hematoma or edema (as a result of rupture or increased vascular permeability) .

First aid for bruise

First aid for bruises

What is a bruise?

First aid for bruise

Injury- this is not such a serious injury, but with a severe bruise you cannot be sure that there is no fracture. Therefore, if there is severe pain that gets worse with movement, redness or numbness of the bruised area, you need to go to the hospital and get an x-ray. You should be especially suspicious of bruises to the head, spine and chest. A head contusion may be accompanied by only a small bump, and only after a while do symptoms appear indicating a concussion (bruises under the eyes, nausea, dizziness, nosebleeds). Anyway In case of a bruise, you need to apply cold to the sore spot

. This will reduce swelling or hematoma by constricting blood vessels. For the same purpose, a pressure bandage is made.

Cold should be applied periodically over several hours. And after a day, when the damaged vessels have healed, you can begin to treat the bruise with warming ointment to improve blood circulation and metabolism.

First aid for fractures

What is a fracture?

Cold should be applied periodically over several hours. And after a day, when the damaged vessels have healed, you can begin to treat the bruise with warming ointment to improve blood circulation and metabolism.

First aid for a fracture First aid for a fracture

Bone fracture .

First aid for fractures

- complete or partial violation of the integrity of the bone under a load exceeding the strength of the injured skeletal area.

What is a fracture?

Cold should be applied periodically over several hours. And after a day, when the damaged vessels have healed, you can begin to treat the bruise with warming ointment to improve blood circulation and metabolism.

First aid for fractures

Fractures can occur both as a result of trauma and as a result of various diseases accompanied by changes in the strength characteristics of bone tissue Types of closed fractures and first aid P In case of fractures the main task-immobilize the injured limb or area. Any movement of a broken bone can lead to painful shock, loss of consciousness and damage to surrounding tissue. To alleviate the condition of the victim, you can apply cold to the sore spot to reduce swelling, and also give it analgin, tempalgin, amidopyrine or another painkiller. You can give the patient a drink of water or warm tea and cover him (if it’s cold). If it is not possible to call an ambulance, then you will have to make a splint yourself and transport the person. The tire can be made from any auxiliary material (stick, rods, boards, skis, cardboard, bundles of straw, etc.). When applying a splint, the following rules must be observed:- the splint is always applied to at least two joints (above and below the fracture site); - the splint is not applied to the naked part of the body (be sure to place cotton wool, gauze, clothing, etc. under it);

- complete or partial violation of the integrity of the bone under a load exceeding the strength of the injured skeletal area.

- complete or partial violation of the integrity of the bone under a load exceeding the strength of the injured skeletal area.

• - the applied tire should not dangle; it must be attached firmly and securely;

• What to do if your finger is broken

• What to do if your arm is broken

• What to do if your leg is broken

• What to do in case of a fracture of the shoulder, collarbone, scapula

• What to do if you have a broken rib

What to do if you have a pelvic fracture What do at fracture

finger

If a finger is broken, it must be tightly bandaged to the adjacent healthy finger.

For the hand:

What to do if you have a pelvic fracture What do at For the leg:

hands

What to do if you have a pelvic fracture What do at The easiest way to immobilize a hand is to hang it with bandages or a triangular scarf on a sling that is tied around the neck. For fractures of the forearm bones, two splints are used, which are applied on both sides - palmar and dorsal.

shoulder, collarbone, scapula

What to do if you have a pelvic fracture What do at For fractures of the shoulder girdle, you need to put a small cushion under the arm, and hang your arm with a bandage or scarf and tie it to your body. The victim is transported in a sitting position.

legs

What to do if you have a pelvic fracture What do at Tie the injured leg to the healthy leg in the area above and below the fracture. Or, if it is not possible to transport the victim in a lying position, apply a splint covering at least two joints of the leg. A primary splint is placed on the back of the leg to prevent joint flexion. In case of a hip fracture, a splint is applied to the waist and bandaged to the waist.

Because The main task in case of a fracture is to immobilize the broken bones, and the ribs usually move when breathing, then it is necessary to apply a pressure bandage to the chest. Thus, the person will breathe using the abdominal muscles and it will not be so painful for him to breathe. If there are not enough bandages, wrap the chest tightly with a sheet, towel, scarf or other large piece of fabric.

What to do if you have a pelvic fracture What do at There is no need to talk to the victim - it hurts him to talk. Don't let the person lie down because... Sharp rib fragments can damage internal organs. A victim of a rib fracture must be transported in a sitting position.

pelvic bones

Fractures of the pelvic bones are often accompanied by damage to internal organs, bleeding and shock. It is necessary to place the victim in a position in which there is a minimum of pain. Usually, this is lying on your back with a bolster under your feet. In this case, the hips move slightly apart. The cushion can be made from a pillow, clothing or any material that comes to hand.

The patient is transported on a hard board after various anti-shock measures (pain relief, stopping bleeding).

First aid for sprains

What is stretching?

The patient is transported on a hard board after various anti-shock measures (pain relief, stopping bleeding).

Stretching First aid for sprains First aid for sprains- This is a partial or complete rupture of muscles or ligaments (connective fibers that strengthen joints). This usually occurs during heavy physical activity, which is disproportionate to the person’s capabilities. In addition, the problem can arise with awkward or very active movements, stress on unwarmed muscles. .

First aid for sprains

What is stretching?

The patient is transported on a hard board after various anti-shock measures (pain relief, stopping bleeding).

First aid for sprains

Sprains often occur in children, athletes, and people engaged in vigorous physical activity. The most common sprains are the elbow, knee and ankle joints. When muscles and ligaments are sprained, pain that gets worse with movement, muscle weakness, bruising and swelling. Edema occurs due to damage to the walls of blood vessels

As with a fracture and dislocation - rubbing, kneading a sprained arm or walking a sprained leg - this will make it even worse. The best thing you can do is stop exercising, immobilize the injured limb, and apply cold to the stretch - this will help reduce swelling and pain in the moment and (most importantly!) in the days to come.

If the pain is severe and there is redness and/or numbness in the damaged area - it is necessary to make a fixing (pressure) bandage or even a splint(as in case of a fracture) and take the victim to the trauma center. There they will take an x-ray and determine exactly whether it is a sprain, a dislocation, or a fracture.

If you decide to do without the help of doctors (the pain is not too severe) - in any case, it is advisable to apply a fixing bandage and periodically apply cold for the first few hours. After a day (when the blood vessels have healed), you can begin to rub the injury with a warming ointment to intensify blood circulation and metabolism in the damaged tissues .

First aid for a sprain

What is a dislocation?

First aid for sprain

First aid for sprain

What is a dislocation?

Bones are connected to each other using joints - movable joints of bones in which their ends are separated by an articular cavity containing synovial fluid. The outside of the joint is covered with a strong shell called the joint capsule. The joint is strengthened by ligaments. Dislocation of the joint- this is the emergence of the articular part of the bone from the joint cavity with concomitant damage to the joint capsule and ligaments. It may be accompanied by compression and rupture of blood vessels. Signs of a joint dislocation serves as a change in its shape, swelling and severe pain, which intensifies when trying to move. The most common dislocations are the wrist, finger, elbow, shoulder, knee, foot, hip, and mandibular joint. Dislocation of the wrist and elbow occurs most often when falling on an outstretched or outwardly rotated arm. Dislocation of the hip joint most often occurs during a fall from a height, as well as during an accident.

First aid for sprain

What is stretching?

What is a dislocation?

First aid for sprain

As with a fracture, the main task of first aid - immobilize the damaged joint without changing its position. AND Never try to straighten a dislocation yourself!

The victim should be given analgin or another painkiller and cold applied to the joint. Wait for an ambulance.

If it is not possible to call an ambulance, it is necessary to make a splint and bandage in the same way as for a fracture and take the victim to the emergency room.

If the hip is dislocated, bandage the injured limb to the healthy one without changing its position. The victim must be transported in a lying position on a hard surface.

At the trauma center, the dislocation will be numbed, an x-ray will be taken, and the joint will be realigned. .