Instructions

The rate of freezing of water depends, firstly, on the heat exchange surface area, and secondly, on the thickness of the water layer: the thicker it is, the slower the entire volume of water will freeze (and vice versa). Therefore, pour water into containers such that the cooling surface is large enough and the thickness of the water layer is small. You can use, for example, ice cubes - plastic substrates with small and shallow containers, which are produced specifically for this purpose - edible ice V . Place this container of water in the freezer. Ice forms much faster than if exactly the same amount of water were poured into plastic cup, For example.

In addition, you can speed up the freezing of water as follows. When its temperature is already close to 0, throw one or two grains of table salt into each container. It would seem that it is known that water freezes at a lower temperature than fresh water. But this paradox is only apparent: the mass of salt will be so insignificant that the water will actually remain fresh, and the grains will serve as a kind of initiator of crystallization.

If you have a long, thin test tube type container (metal only), you can make ice very quickly using liquid nitrogen. Lower this container of water (using a long clamp or wire) into the Dewar flask, of course, not completely, so that the liquid nitrogen does not flood it. After a while, take it out. As soon as the walls of the container heat up, the ice can be easily removed.

Can be used to quickly freeze water, the property of some chemical substances dissolve, absorb a large number of heat. For example, there is such a substance - ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate). It is widely used in agriculture How nitrogen fertilizer. If the ice you want is not used for food purposes, add ammonium nitrate directly to a container of cooled water and dissolve while stirring. Then put the container back in the freezer. Ice forms within minutes.

note

Observe all safety precautions when working with liquid nitrogen. When working with ammonium nitrate, do not forget that it is a toxic substance. Under no circumstances should such ice be used to add to drinks.

Water is the source of life. The state of health, energy and general well-being depends on the quality of water that enters the human body. Melt water has many useful properties and is most suitable for preserving beauty, health, and youth. Melt water molecules are most suitable for cells human body. Melt water restores immunity, helps reduce excess weight, increasing attention, helps restore the body after long-term illnesses, rejuvenates the entire body as a whole. You can list the healing properties of melt water for a long time, but in order to truly get healing water, you need to freeze it properly first. How's the water?

Instructions

Pour water into any food container. The main thing is that it is not made of iron. You don't need to pour to the top. Your hand should fit into the container.

The remaining ice will be the most healing part of the water. Without impurities, without harmful substances.

Defrost the water gradually, at room temperature, far from heating devices, frozen water in any other way has nothing to do with healing properties does not have.

Sources:

• frozen water in 2018

Frozen water has structural features, distinguishing it from plain water. Arranging molecules in a certain order gives the product the ability to treat a wide range of diseases that even official medicine cannot cope with.

You will need

• - Plastic container;
• - Water filter;
• - Water;
• - Freezer.

Instructions

To prepare frozen water, stock up plastic containers sufficient volume. It is recommended to drink at least 3 glasses of thawed water daily. Frozen water must first be cleared of impurities: sand. Use carbon filter by passing liquid through it.

Pour the water into prepared containers and place in the freezer. The temperature should be -18 degrees. You need to keep the water in the freezer for 8-10 hours. Therefore, it is better to freeze the liquid before going to bed. Delivery of containers from freezer, pour boiling water over their bottom. Then, pierce the crust of ice with a sharp object and drain the water that has not yet frozen from the inside of the container. This is necessary, since the remaining unfrozen liquid contains harmful impurities.

Not far away new season winter fishing from the ice. The desire of fishermen to get on the ice as early as possible is understandable - it is always a sea of ​​emotions, excitement and high activity of the fish. However, before you step on fragile ice, you need to know and follow the basic rules, and if trouble occurs.

Anyone who has ever experienced the happiness of laying the first trail of the season on young, crisp ice, barely covered with pristine powder, awaits this event with constant trepidation again and again, with hidden hope testing the brittle crust on the puddles after an autumn matinee...

But sooner or later the agonizing wait ends, the holiday comes, and then thousands of fishermen rush to their cherished places, navigating in the white silence according to the signs stored in their memory. But is the road above the mysterious dusk always reliable? deep water, where life, undisturbed by the splashing of waves, fell into a dormant state?

Safety of movement on ice depends on a whole set of factors that need to be taken into account by the winter angler, and they are related to the nature of the evolution of the ice cover, the type of reservoir, climatic conditions, which have developed this winter.

Today we will talk about what are the global prerequisites for the formation of ice of one type or another, since it is they who determine the tactics safe behavior On him.

First of all, the freeze-up period can be divided into three main stages: first ice, hardened ice and last ice.

Often (even in middle lane Russia, not to mention the more southern regions), it happens that several short periods of formation of temporary ice cover are observed, which, not achieving sufficient strength, is then washed away by rain, weakened by damp fogs and broken by the wind.

At such moments, the most common tragic incidents occur with reckless fishermen who do not have the patience to endure a week or two. In such a situation, it is better not to rush, moderate your spiritual ardor and devote the time of the outstanding off-season to carefully preparing winter fishing equipment or extend the very effective late-autumn spinning hunt on large rivers, where there are also no edges.

First Ice

This period can be very short (one or two frosty, quiet nights), or quite long and, as mentioned above, sometimes interrupted. First ice is also conventionally divided into certain phases: first ice (thin, but no longer collapsing ice), strong ice, at least in some places, and reliable ice (completely covering some reservoirs and everywhere suitable for fishing). It is clear that not only on different bodies of water, but even on the same one, these phases vary in time and across the water area, sometimes significantly, therefore, when planning your first ice trips, you should have a good idea of ​​what is happening on a particular body of water. Such knowledge is gained only through annual observations carefully recorded in a fishing diary.

Everything that has been said upon first reading may seem to you like excessive reinsurance, but the author of these lines has repeatedly witnessed the transformation of overly self-confident fishermen into a kind of icebreaker, breaking the ice with their hands all the way to the shore, and it was impossible to help them, since getting out onto thin ice, and even in heavy wet clothes is almost impossible.

And a good knowledge of the reservoir chosen for fishing on the first ice is necessary at least in order to remember where the depth there is no higher than a person’s height or where with deep place an applicant for the title of “walrus” can quickly go out onto the sandbank leading to the shore...

Ice Formation

How does such a wonderful natural phenomenon occur - the formation of ice on the surface of water? In short, due to convective heat exchange between two media, water and air, occurring at the interface. And in more detail it looks something like this: water, being a very capacious heat accumulator, by the end of the summer season turns out to be much hotter than the atmosphere near the surface of the earth. The air, being less dense and therefore not so energy-intensive, quickly cools down due to the long nights and the distance of the planet from the star with a change in intensity and inclination sun rays to the surface. And the lower the air temperature drops, the faster the heat exchange with water occurs.

When the surface layer of water cools to a temperature of +4°, at which this liquid abruptly becomes as dense as possible, it, practically without mixing, will sink down, displacing warmer and lighter water upward. In this way, vertical circulation and very slow mixing of the entire water column occurs.

This convection process gradually fades as the temperature approaches 4°, but never stops at all - the bottom layers constantly receive heat from the bed of the reservoir, which in winter is always somewhat warmer than the water (otherwise the reservoirs would freeze to the bottom, and ice would grow both on top and from below, which usually occurs in permafrost areas).

When the bulk of the water reaches a temperature of 4°, its further cooling to 0° begins - this is the point of transition of distilled water into a crystalline state, that is, the freezing point. Hypothermia below 0° leads to the formation of ice.

In reality, in different bodies of water, water is a kind of solution of salts and micro-suspensions that differ in composition, which usually reduces the temperature of ice formation, and this temperature is not the same for different bodies of water.

Again, there is no ideal picture of water freezing in nature, and the ice freezes up differently every year - it depends on the weather with which this process is accompanied, as well as on the type of reservoir: large or small, deep or shallow, with a current or standing .

The nature of ice formation is also influenced by fluctuations in water levels during this period and ongoing shipping in some places.

If freeze-up occurs in calm, frosty weather, then the ice almost evenly covers the entire body of water, growing from the shores, and especially in shallow areas.

When the process of ice formation is accompanied by strong winds, the formation of ice cover on open spaces large bodies of water linger for a long time - steep waves break and carry away the fragile, thin first ice and knock it down to the leeward shore, where, with sufficient severe frost quickly grasping this fragile construction material, a very thick, but less durable than solid ice, wide edge can form.

Another edge from monolithic ice will grow from the windward shore, and the steeper and higher this shore is, the wider the transparent blind area will lie on the water.

When the wind subsides, unless there is a sudden thaw, these two edges will quickly join together, as the well-mixed and cooled water is ready to freeze. However, the fisherman should remember for a long time: where the ice stood up at the beginning, there it is thicker and stronger.

It is clear that above great depths, where the mass of water is large, it will take longer to cool, and ice formation will occur later than in shallow places. The same pattern exists during freeze-up on large or small bodies of water.

Rivers have their own peculiarities of ice formation: due to the flow, the water is constantly mixed throughout the entire volume, and supercooling occurs for the entire moving mass, which requires additional time, so the ice on the river rises a little later than on reservoirs with stagnant water. However, the water in rivers under ice is generally colder than in lakes and reservoirs, and, paradoxically, further ice growth on the river occurs faster.

An indicative example of the fact that the water in a river in winter is colder than in a stagnant body of water is the following simple experiment: having dipped the sinker into the water several times and frozen the ice “shirt” on it, then lower it, say, to a depth of 5 meters in the lake - ice grows in a minute or two. On the river, the same experience will show that the sinker will remain frozen for up to an hour or more - this indicates that the temperature of the entire water column along the current is close to 0°.

Of course, in a strong current the ice appears later than in a weak one. In addition, at the beginning of winter there are noticeable and quite sharp fluctuations in water levels on rivers. Usually there is a drop in it, associated with a decrease in the flow of tributaries due to the freezing of surface groundwater.

For example, on the Oka River this leads to thin ice breaking off along the banks and the current carrying away the entire mass of the first ice. Moving ice floes accumulate in places with reverse flow behind capes and at the arrows of jet failure, as well as at the border where a fast flow flows into a slow-flowing reach.

In all such characteristic places, hummocks then form, sometimes reaching a thickness of up to 3 meters - they serve as a good guide for anglers all winter when searching for fish sites, since underwater inhabitants accumulate near such “features” of the behavior of the river flow.

Ice strength

The most important characteristic of ice is its strength, which in real conditions cannot be considered a constant, since this indicator strongly depends on the type and structure of the ice, its temperature and thickness.

It happens that the beginning of winter is accompanied by frequent passage of cyclones, precipitation falls in the form of rain or sleet, and ice freezes in several stages during short frosty gaps between weather fronts. At the same time, its thickness increases both from below and from above due to the freezing of fallen snow or water located on its surface.

Such ice turns out to be cloudy, multi-layered, and it should be borne in mind that it is approximately two times weaker than transparent, glass-like ice, so you need to go out on it when it reaches double safe thickness, that is, about 10 cm.

This is important to know for the reason that anglers, as a rule, tend to areas with similar ice cover, since fish usually accumulate here and they bite much better in such places.

As already noted, the strongest is pure transparent ice, formed from the freezing of the surface layer of water, but it makes sense to fish from it only at great depths, where the light is low and the fish are not shy. Therefore, it will be safe when it reaches a thickness of at least 5 cm - then it can reliably support one person.

The strength of the ice cover increases linearly with increasing ice thickness and with decreasing temperature, but the temperature of the ice varies across its thickness: at the top it is equal to the atmospheric temperature, and at the bottom it corresponds to the freezing point of water, that is, about 0°. And since temperature coefficient linear expansion ice is huge (for example, five times more than that of iron) and everyone knows how strong vessels with frozen water burst, it becomes clear that similar processes accompany the ice cover as its thickness grows: having different temperatures layers experience expanding loads in both transverse and longitudinal directions.

That is why, during significant frosts, the ice bursts with a deafening, “cannon-like” roar, and long cracks with intricate shapes run across it (Fig. 1).

However, the chaotic nature of cracks on the ice surface is only apparent if we remember the mechanism of ice formation: first of all, at the beginning of winter, when the ice is not yet the same thickness everywhere, stresses appear along the boundaries of the junction of thick and thin ice cover, that is, where shallow water abruptly turns into depth. Experienced winter fishermen have long known that the edges where the fish are kept should be looked for along old and wide cracks that usually run parallel to the main channel (Fig. 2).

In this case, the deep side of the reservoir will be determined by the crack located close to the usually steep bank, and vice versa.

It seems that the approximate daily cycle of ice growth depending on the air temperature and its existing thickness will be of practical interest to fishermen.

Such data is summarized in a table, they allow you to predict the condition of the ice on the eve of going fishing. This, of course, is an ideal picture that does not take into account the snow cover on the ice surface.

It is known that the thermal conductivity (in this case, cold conductivity) of snow is up to 30 times less than that of ice (it all depends on the looseness of the snow), therefore, during snowfalls, an appropriate correction must be made to the calculations.

Temperature air, °C	Thickness ice, cm
	<10	10-20	20-40
	Growth ice per day, cm
-5°	4	1,5	0,5
-10°	6	3	1,5
-15°	8	4	2
-20°	9	6	3

It is important to learn to understand by the appearance of the first, still fragile ice, how it reacts to the load. Knowledgeable fishermen say that the first ice will not deceive, will not betray, but will promptly indicate danger with the sound and pattern of cracks, you just need to be able to see and hear.

A point load applied to thin ice causes its deformation in the shape of a bowl, the volume of which hypothetically corresponds to the volume of water, equal in weight to the mass that caused the load to deflect (Fig. 3).

With a small load, elastic deformation of the ice occurs and the deflection bowl expands around the perimeter. If the load is higher than the elastic limit, then plastic deformation of the ice will begin, and the “bowl” will begin to increase faster in depth than in width - this is the beginning of destruction (break in continuity) of the ice.

Ice deflection under load: mн – load mass; mв – mass of displaced water.

The following quantitative data indicate the elastic properties of ice. If we consider the transparent, most durable ice, then with a central deflection of 5 cm, cracks do not form on it; a deflection of 9 cm leads to increased formation of cracks, a deflection of 12 cm causes through cracking, and at 15 cm the ice collapses. Cracks under the influence of loads occur of two types: radial (Fig. 4, a) and concentric (Fig. 4, b).

Types of ice cracking under load: a – radial cracks that do not lead to failure of the load; b – radial cracks accompanied by concentric destruction lead to rapid failure of the load.

When moving on fragile ice, you need to pay special attention to this: if concentric cracks appear, accompanied by a characteristic creaking sound, you need to immediately leave the dangerous area with a sliding step; in a particularly critical situation, it is better to lie down on the ice and crawl away in the opposite direction.

It’s also worth remembering other rules of conduct on thin ice:

• Under no circumstances should you walk along it in single file, otherwise the radial cracks on the “road” will quickly grow concentric;
• do not go out on the ice alone;
• check every step on the ice with a pointed pick, but do not hit the ice in front of you with it - it’s better from the side;
• do not approach other fishermen closer than 3 meters;
• do not approach those places where there are frozen driftwood, algae, and air bubbles in the ice;
• You should not walk near a crack or on an area of ​​ice separated from the main body by several cracks;
• it is necessary to quickly leave the dangerous place if water begins to flow like a fountain from the broken hole;
• do not skate on thin ice;
• be sure to have rescue equipment with you: a cord with a weight at the end, a long pole, a wide board;
• Under no circumstances should you combine fishing on the first ice with libations: only warm “knee-deep sea”; you won’t last long in icy water.

Hardened ice

Winter takes its toll and, despite weather collisions, soon all reservoirs are covered with ice, the thickness of which in winters with little snow and frost in central Russia reaches 1 meter or more. This is the calmest (in terms of safety) period of winter fishing, although even here very unpleasant surprises can await the fisherman.

First of all, you need to keep an eye out for rivers when the ice is covered with a thick layer of snow, blocking the access of cold to the ice, and the flowing water slowly but surely begins to wear it away from below. Most quickly, gullies are formed where the jets, swirling over obstacles, shoot upward, above the outlet of spring waters or at the point where warm domestic waste flows.

Typically, the location of such areas remains the same every year and you just need to remember them well. On an unfamiliar river, it is better to walk along well-worn paths, and test untrodden areas by frequently drilling test holes - although this is tedious, it is justified.

One day in the middle of winter and after severe frosts, I was walking quickly along the river, approaching an area with a fast current. The ice auger was deployed, but confidence in the strength of the ice prevailed over caution. I found myself in the icy water instantly, without feeling any resistance. And the torn (through a thick mitten) skin between the thumb and forefinger and the slightly bent auger eloquently testified that the ice auger that stood across the manna with seething black water saved me. It turns out that the gulley was covered only by a fragile crust of snow frozen from below...

When fishing on stagnant bodies of water, especially on reservoirs where there is a constant discharge of water, you should remember that the ice here breaks off from time to time near the shores. If in shallow water it lies on the ground, then along steep banks there may be areas of unfrozen water, only covered with drifted snow (Fig. 5), where you can quite unexpectedly end up, ruining your fishing.

It is also an unpleasant situation when you find yourself in the vast expanse of a large body of water in an area with a water bath hidden by a thick layer of wet snow. Such baths are formed precisely in those places where the ice is thin: after prolonged snowfalls, it cannot withstand the mass of snow, bursts with the formation of through cracks, into which water enters in an amount equal to the weight of the load (Fig. 6). The already thin ice now saturated with water stops freezing and becomes very dangerous, especially closer to spring.

Formation of water lenses on ice during snowy winters: mc – mass of snow; mb is the mass of water released onto the ice.

It should also be remembered that in reservoirs, especially the Volga cascade, by the middle of winter, due to the release of water, the flow increases so much that huge gullies appear, at first covered with thin, not yet eroded ice. In this situation, the ice pick should complement the ice auger, and the return road should be checked several times a day.

Last Ice

This period in the evolution of ice begins when in spring the average daily air temperature becomes close to 0°, that is, snow begins to melt and meltwater appears. At first, the ice becomes dangerous near the coast, where the snow melts faster than on the ice. Streams of melt water, flowing into the reservoir, wash away the edge of the ice, and the heat emanating from the heated ground further contributes to the process of destruction of the ice edge.

The apparent strength of coastal ice after the morning frost is deceptive - with solar heating, it may not allow anglers to return, so access to the shore must be prepared in advance by taking long poles or boards onto the ice. It is advisable that the exit be in shallow water, and it is better on the side where the ice in the afternoon will be in the shadow of a forest or high bank. Some more time will pass, and wide open waters will form near the shore, the cause of which will be the destruction of fast ice and the increase in water in the reservoir. Although the main ice will still remain quite reliable, it is unwise to get out on it without a boat.

The main body of ice is being destroyed in stages: when the average daily air temperature exceeds the positive mark, snow on the surface of the ice cover will begin to melt intensively, and this process will be accelerated by winds, damp fogs and rains. Surface water is absorbed into the ice, disrupting its monolithic structure, causing the ice to disintegrate into individual, vertically standing crystals (a needle-like structure), and the connection between these elements gradually weakens. At the same time, the ice melts from below. For these reasons, spring ice is treacherous: having lost the elastic properties of a monolith, it will not crack in warning, as in the first ice, but with a telltale hissing sound it will suddenly disintegrate under the feet of a careless fisherman.

Ice is especially dangerous where there has been water under the snow all winter - these puddles are visible on the last, snow-free ice, and such places should be avoided. It is better to move along the last ice along old winter paths (they stand out on its surface) and fish in “familiar” places - here the ice is thicker and better frozen over the winter.

Under no circumstances should you gather in large groups, in heaps, “chopping off” your lucky brother - collective baths, as a rule, end tragically.

You need to save someone who has fallen on the spring ice intelligently, in no case coming close to the formed lane: you should crawl towards it, pushing a long pole or board in front of you, or throw the end of a thick rope with a wide loop to the drowning person from a safe distance, which he will throw over myself. However, it all depends on the state of the “bathing”; having frozen, he can fall into a state of shock, but still stay afloat. Then you need to act extremely quickly, and you can’t do it without an inflatable boat.

A physically strong person who finds himself in an unpleasant situation will be helped by special “rescues” - devices that look like a thick awl and hang on cords on fishing clothes. By sticking them into the edge of the ice, you can pull yourself up and get out of the water. However, these good means of rescue are of little use on too loose spring ice and on young thin ice.

To prevent trouble from happening, you must always soberly assess when it is better to leave ice fishing until the next season and move on to fishing on small rivers.

On rivers that are still bound by an ice shell, you should not go out on the ice when there is a noticeable increase in water, and it is better to continue fishing on stagnant bodies of water, moreover, large ones that slowly respond to rising levels. Here, the signal for the final departure to the shore will be the arrival of lapwings and gulls, and sometimes wagtails.

People say: “The wagtail breaks the ice with its tail.” After the arrival of this nimble bird, busily running across the ice and collecting the first spring insects, we can say with confidence that no more than a week remains before the ice disintegrates.

I would like to believe that readers will not consider this article just a warning that ice can be dangerous at all stages of its formation. I hope that she added to their knowledge about this wonderful phenomenon and helped the ice platform become a reliable friend for all those who are passionate about fishing.

A. Mailkov “Fisherman – Elite No. 06 – 1999.”

As soon as the reservoirs are covered with a crust of ice, a whole army of winter extreme connoisseurs immediately appears - fishermen, tourists, those who like to slide down the mountainous river bank on a sled, or those who want to turn part of the river or pond into an ice skating rink. Motorists are also on the alert: finally, they don’t have to get to the nearest bridge or crossing, because there is an ice road! Residents of lake and river areas arrange pedestrian and automobile crossings to shorten the path to their destination. How can you determine whether it is safe to walk, drive, or skate on ice? You should not take risks, endangering yourself and your comrades: for each of these cases there are special rules. If you have children, be sure to teach them what thickness of first ice is safe. It is easier to prevent an accident than to save someone who is caught on fragile ice!

For man

Experienced hunters and fishermen can recognize the approximate thickness of ice by its color. Blueish or “green” ice is considered durable, and the more transparent the ice covering, the stronger it is. A matte white or yellowish color indicates unreliability. If you see a section of a river under ice with no traces of animals or humans, think about why this is. Most likely this is the place where the springs flow; the ice crust there is very thin, and because of the snow it is not visible.

This you need to know:

1. Ice that is at least 10 cm thick in fresh water and 15 cm in salt water is considered safe for humans.
2. At river mouths and channels, the ice strength is weakened.
3. Ice is fragile in places of fast currents, gushing springs and runoff water, as well as in areas where aquatic vegetation grows, near trees, bushes, and reeds.
4. If the air temperature remains above 0 degrees for more than three days, then the ice strength decreases by 25%.

Video about the rules of being on ice

Let's consolidate the material about the strength of ice:

• blue ice is durable,
• white - its strength is 2 times less,
• dull white or with a yellowish tint - unreliable.

Don't take winter walks lightly and don't prepare in advance. It is very difficult for someone who has fallen through the ice to get out, since the edges of the hole will break off under its weight. An adult or child can drown from hypothermia, which sets in after a quarter of an hour. Some people experience cold shock.

You can download a memo about safety and rules of behavior on ice after the article

For winter crossing

We present the data in the table below.

Safe thickness, m		Taking into account weight, t
where there is fresh water	where there is sea water
0,10	0,15	up to 0.1	5
0,20	0,25	up to 0.8	10
0,25	0,30	up to 3.0	20
0,35	0,45	up to 6.5	25
0,40	0,50	to 10	26

For technology

Safe thickness, m		Taking into account weight, t	Taking into account the distance to the ice edge, m
where there is fresh water	where there is sea water
0,70	0,55	up to 20	30
100	0,95	up to 40	40

When organizing a crossing for equipment, the following factors are taken into account:

• depth of the reservoir;
• current speed;
• the distance between the banks of the river;
• intensity of cargo traffic;
• when a hydroelectric power station is located nearby, the route calculation data is compared with the operating mode of the hydroelectric power station.

Theory and practice

The ice track is cleared of snow on both sides of the axis (at least 10 m) and marked with milestones (every 15-20 m). Since the traffic on the highway is one-way, the road with reverse traffic should be laid at least 100 m apart. The thickness of the ice is measured by punching holes 5 m apart (near the coast the distance is reduced to 3 m), the diameter of the holes is from 6 to 10 cm. The holes are located according to the principle of chess squares at a distance of 5 m from the axis in both directions. For safety, they are fenced with a snow embankment around the circumference and covered with wooden shields. Any “hanging” ice that occurs is broken down mechanically. Measurements are made by the local hydrometeorological service every 5 days, and more often in case of thaws.

In addition to the weight of the equipment, adjustments are made for traffic intensity using the formula:

Htr = n a · P

It takes into account:

• H – ice thickness;
• n – traffic intensity coefficient (with a traffic volume of 500 vehicles per day, n is equal to 1, if 1 is 500, then 400 is 0.8, etc.);
• a – load characteristic indicator (wheeled, tracked);
• P – load mass, i.e.

The formula can be supplemented depending on local conditions.

As you can see, it is much easier to secure the movement of one person, but only if this person follows the rules. Ultimately, the table of permissible ice thickness (and load on it) when organizing the crossing of equipment will look like this:

Required ice cover thickness (cm), taking into account the average daily t for the past 3 days			Distance between cars, m
– 10 ° and below	– 5 °C	With a short-term thaw to 0 °
Tracked vehicles
4	18	20	28	10
6	22	24	31	15
10	28	31	39	20
16	36	40	50	25
20	40	44	56	30
30	49	54	68	35
40	57	63	80	40
50	63	70	88	55
60	70	77	98	70
Wheeled vehicles
3,5	22	24	31	18
6	29	32	40	20
8	34	37	48	22
10	38	42	53	25
15	46	50	64	30

Amendments and clarifications

When using the table, it should be taken into account that the average daily temperature and “ideal” conditions for the formation of the “freshwater shellfish” type of ice are taken. The thickness of porous ice will have to be doubled. If there is salt water in the reservoir, the correction factor is reduced to 1.2. With frequent thaws, the carrying capacity of each piece of equipment is determined practically.

If necessary, the ice cover is thickened artificially by clearing the space, pouring water on it and waiting for the layers to freeze. If it is necessary to transport equipment to the site of diving work in places where ice covers sea bodies, the conditions change as set out in the first table of the article.

But let us return once again to the requirements of behavior in winter on a river or pond, valid for a person, and especially for children, who are more often than adults, unreasonable. It is believed that ice for a person to be safe on it must be at least 10-15 cm (depending on the water - fresh or salt). In the case of mass events on ice, the norm increases to 25 cm. You should also know how to behave if someone (or yourself) falls through the ice, because panic can lead to a sad outcome.

When the seemingly strong ice for safe movement is replaced by porous and brittle, you may suddenly find yourself in the water, pull yourself together and follow the recommendations:

1. Spread your arms to the sides so that you can lean on them without breaking the edges of the “font” and not choking.
2. You will have to crawl out of the hole, avoiding impetuous movements. If you have ice awls and a rope, use them to pull yourself up.
3. The basic rule: do not rely on individual areas of a small area, but try to position yourself so that the largest possible area serves as support.
4. Roll away from the edges of the hole, and when you get to your feet, do not run, move slowly and without raising your feet above the ice surface.
5. When helping someone who has fallen through, find something that will help expand the support area (sports equipment, plywood, plastic).
6. Do not stand on the edge of the hole, act at the optimal distance.
7. Throw a rope to the person caught in the hole and pull with even movements, helping to get out.
8. When you get home, change the victim’s clothes, give him tea (without added alcohol!) and call an ambulance.

Rescuers operating in conditions where movement on ice is required must remember:

1. When choosing a route, you need to remember about drifting ice (on the sea, lake), find out the speed and direction of the current and wind.
2. It is worth stocking up on anti-slip devices.
3. On water with currents, the thickness of the ice can be different everywhere.
4. In swamps, unlike rivers, the ice is stronger in the center and weaker at the edges.

Rules of conduct on a frozen pond

1. Do not experiment with testing the strength of the cover with your feet; take a pole with you.
2. Find existing, well-trodden paths.
3. If you are one of the first to build such a walking trail, test the strength of the ice in front of you with a stick, and avoid places that do not inspire confidence.
4. Remember the signs of a fragile coating: cracking, mobility, the appearance of water above the surface. If this happens, move away from this place with your feet wider, slowly, or even crawling.
5. You cannot move in a group (there should be a gap of at least 5 meters between travelers or skiers), with skis fastened to your feet, and with ski poles attached to your hands.
6. Fishermen need to calculate the number of holes in a certain area and drill them at a considerable distance from each other.
7. If you have a load (satchel, backpack), it is better to secure it with a rope and drag it at a distance.
8. If there is a need to overcome a section of fragile ice, go there with a belayer. Even moving at a distance of 5 meters, he will provide assistance in the event of an accident.
9. If you have the opportunity, it is best to drill a hole and measure the thickness of the ice before your winter hike.
10. It is not recommended to fish near melted or damaged areas of ice.
11. Stock up on a twelve-meter (or longer) rope with a weight at one end.

When does the lake freeze?

On average, the freezing of Lake Baikal begins on December 21 and ends on January 16, that is, it takes about a month to completely freeze. First of all, at the end of October the bays become covered with ice. However, there are large fluctuations in the timing of freezing of Lake Baikal from year to year. There are known cases of freezing of the lake in Listvennichny, for example, in early February (1899,1932,1952,1955,1959). With early freezing, the thickness of the ice is usually greater; accordingly, the opening of the lake begins later. From the beginning of the destruction of the ice cover in the southern basin, which occurs in April, until the complete cleansing of the entire reservoir in May-June, it also takes about a month or more. The northern part of Lake Baikal freezes a month earlier and breaks up the same amount later

Does all of Baikal freeze?

Baikal freezes entirely, except for a small, 10-15 km long section located at the source of the Angara. This area does not freeze because water masses are drawn into the Angara from Baikal not only from its very surface, but from a certain depth (up to 50 m or more), at which the water temperature is always above the freezing point (i.e. above 0 ° C ). Therefore, at the source of the Angara, even in the most severe frosts, the water temperature is several tenths of a degree above zero. It takes some time for it, well mixed by the flow of the river, to cool to 0°C. During this time, the water masses, remaining unfrozen, manage to float downstream of the Angara to a distance of 15-20 km. In the southern part, Baikal is covered with ice for 4-4.5 months, in the northern part - 6-6.5 months.

What were the periods of freezing and breaking up on Lake Baikal 100 years ago and what are they now?

From the middle of the 19th century. Freezing of Lake Baikal occurs later and later, and opening earlier. The duration of ice cover is decreasing. If in 1869 in the area of ​​the village. Kultuk Baikal froze, according to the observations of B.I. Dybovsky, on January 6, in 1870 - on January 2, and in 1877 - on December 14; opened in 1869 - May 8, in 1870 - May 13-15, in 1879 - May 26, then over the past decades the deadline for freezing of the lake was observed on February 6 (with an average date of January 9), and the deadline for opening - April 17 (with an average date of May 4).

What is the rate of ice growth in Lake Baikal during freezing?

It depends on the air temperature and weather conditions. In the first 3-4 days, when the weather is calm and the air temperature is below -20 °C, the ice grows by 4-5 cm per day. The rate of ice formation is significantly influenced by snow cover.

How are waves and ice formation related?

Waves play a dual role: on the one hand, it prevents the formation of ice cover, and on the other hand, it accelerates the cooling of water, creating conditions for its intensive mixing, the formation of intra-water and bottom ice.

What is the greatest thickness of ice?

If ice on Baikal is formed by freezing of the free surface of the water in snowless and little snow winters, then it is transparent and its thickness reaches 100-110 cm. With a large amount of snow, the thickness of the ice is less: 65-70 cm; in the southern amount of snow, the thickness of the ice is less: 65- 70 cm in the southern regions and 90-100 cm in the northern regions. In hummocky places where ice accumulates, its thickness is 150-200 cm or more.

How does snow cover affect ice thickness?

According to the observations of B.I. Dybovsky and V. Godlevsky, in the winter of 1869-1870. the ratio was as follows: with a snow cover thickness of 0 cm, the ice thickness is 1 m; 1-10 cm - 86 cm; at 11-20 cm - 80 cm; at 21-40 cm -77 cm; at 41-60 cm - 60 cm; at 61-80 cm - 58 cm. This is important to know, in particular, for motorists when traveling around Lake Baikal, as well as for fishermen.

What is inland ice and how is it formed?

Subsea ice is ice crystals that form in supercooled water. Water becomes supercooled in the zone of contact with cold air due to wind waves or fast flow and mixing on riffles. In this case, particles of supercooled water are drawn into the thickness or to the bottom of the river before they have time to turn into ice. The crystallization process is completed in water. The ice thus formed gradually floats up and forms slush.

How is bottom ice formed?

At very low air temperatures and with intense mixing of water in the lake. An ice shell at the bottom covers not only stones, but also pier piles, fishing nets, algae, etc. As the ice crust thickens, it floats to the surface, sometimes along with small objects, pebbles, sand, etc. Here, its individual pieces freeze together, Slush forms, and gradually ice floes of different sizes form. The latter form first ice fields and, finally, continuous ice cover. The shapes of bottom ice crystals are very diverse, just like snowflakes in the air, but they have smoother edges. A careful study of the bottom ice revealed that it is a loose spongy mass consisting of short, thin ice plates of hexagonal crystals ranging in size from fractions of a millimeter to 1 cm in diameter.

What would happen if ice did not float in water, but sank?

If ice were to sink, then all bodies of water in temperate and high latitudes on Earth would be filled with it from the surface to the very bottom. The sun would not be able to melt this mass; only a thin surface layer would melt. The planet would be perpetually cold and would become uninhabitable.

What happens when snow falls on the surface of the water in a lake?

When snow falls on water whose temperature is close to freezing, it is knocked together during waves into ridges 0.5 m thick. When the water temperature drops to the freezing point, wet snow and water freeze and cloudy, opaque ice is formed.

What is sokui?

Ice splashes on frozen rocks and stones formed when a lake freezes. Sokui have the most diverse, sometimes bizarre shapes of frozen streams and stalactites. The thickness of ice in juices can reach several tens of centimeters. During a strong storm, windward rocks and stones can be completely covered with splash ice, up to ten or more meters in height. The abundance of sokui and splashes on the shore makes it almost impregnable for small ships. The growth of sokui is promoted by the rustling ice thrown out by the waves. The rustling also forms sokui, splashes, pancake ice and kolobovnik, and sometimes ice shafts. On the windward sides of the rocks, the height of the sokui can reach 20-30 m. The rocks at Cape Kobylya Golova in the Maloye More and on Olkhon, north of the Uzur Pad, are especially often covered with such an ice shell.

What is rustling?

Rustle on Lake Baikal is the name given to intra-water grainy ice. It appears later than such surface forms of ice as zaberegi, salo, slush, and flask. Rustle crystals have needle-shaped, lenticular, bean-shaped, pea-shaped shapes ranging in size from 1-2 to 10-20 mm in diameter.

What is lard?

Flat, thin ice crystals that have not yet frozen into a solid crust. They form on a calm water surface and are the first sign of its cooling below 0°C. The timing of lard formation is determined by the thermal water supply. The shallower and more isolated the area is from the central part of the lake, the faster the water gives off heat and the earlier these ice phenomena begin here. In calm weather, usually at night, the crystals freeze into thin crusts. Under the influence of currents and waves, the resulting crusts of frozen fat break, are partially drawn into the water column and form loose whitish lumps - sludge.

What is a kolobovnik?

This is a rounded form of pancake ice that forms when a lake freezes and its ice edge is destroyed by waves. Typically, ice fragments are round in shape, cloudy in color, and often have thickened edges. After freezing, large fields of frozen kolobovnik cause a lot of trouble for motorists and even pedestrians. Riding a motorcycle on such icy surfaces is a real pain. Meanwhile, fishermen, hunters, and scientists have to ride a lot on motorcycles during winter research.

What are ice splashes and splash icing?

They appear on steep and vertical rocks, as well as on the sides and decks of ships, their rigging and pose a great danger to ships.

Long-term exposure to snow on various objects - trees, stones, ice, engineering structures. The snow, swept away by drifting snow, polishes the stones and polishes the ice. In those places where snow corrosion occurs annually, the tree trunks on the windward side are bare, have no branches, and their crowns take on a flag-like shape. Snow corrosion is very clearly visible on the windward parts of tree trunks on the western coast of Lake Baikal and at the upper limit of the distribution of woody plants on mountain slopes.

What is the thickness of the snow cover on Lake Baikal?

Due to frequent strong winds, it is distributed very unevenly. Along the western coast the ice cover is almost snowless; only isolated islands of sastrugi are visible in areas of hummocky fields. As you move towards the eastern shore, the thickness of the snow cover increases and can reach 80-100 cm.

Why is there almost no puddles (slush) on the ice of Lake Baikal when the snow melts?

Puddles form on the surface of the ice cover until the ice crystallizes. In the spring, cracks appear in it, through which such water escapes into the space under the ice. When all the ice turns crystalline - needle-shaped, it makes noise - it makes a rustling sound. Traveling on such ice is very dangerous even for pedestrians.

What is the greenhouse effect and what is its role on Baikal?

The term “greenhouse effect” refers to a physical phenomenon based on the property of pure transparent ice to transmit visible light and retain long-wave radiation reflected from the bottom or other particles under the ice cover.

The greenhouse effect is especially noticeable under the ice crust that forms on the surface of the ice when the snow melts. Snow melts under it much faster because it plays the same role as glass in greenhouses. This is clearly visible on whitish ice. Muddy whitish ice retains and absorbs radiant thermal energy only in the upper thin layer, breaking down into grains and plates gradually, layer by layer. Moreover, most of the plates are located obliquely, like a greenhouse frame: their lower edge faces north, and the raised part of the canopy faces south. The angle of inclination approximately corresponds to the angle of incidence of the sun's rays. The formation of such peaks, creating an uneven ice surface, is called “check”. With prolonged melting of ice, depressions up to 10-15 cm are formed under the peaks of ice crusts.

What is sublimation?

Evaporation of snow in winter. In the conditions of the Baikal region and Transbaikalia, where there is little snow in winter, and the dryness of the air and the intensity of solar radiation are high, the snow that falls quickly evaporates. Therefore, on Olkhon, for example, as well as along the western shore of Lake Baikal, cattle are grazed all year round. A similar thing is observed in Transbaikalia and Mongolia.

When does the greatest evaporation of water occur on Lake Baikal?

It is most intense in winter, when the frosts are the strongest, but the lake is still free of ice cover. In general, winter evaporation exceeds summer evaporation by 2-3 times.

According to Doctor of Geographical Sciences A. N. Afanasyev, 10.33 km3 evaporates from the surface of Baikal per year, or about 14.6% of the total volume of water flow from Baikal through the Angara.

Were there icebergs on Baikal?

They probably were, since at the bottom of Lake Baikal there are remnants of terminal moraines of glaciers descending into the lake. In the lips of Ayaya and Frolikha they are located at a depth of 40-50 m or more.

What are dead gaps?

These are temperature seams in the ice cover. When air temperature fluctuates, ice expands or contracts, forming cracks or hummocks. Stanovye cracks appear after the lake freezes and are through cracks in the ice. In different years, their location is relatively constant: they usually stretch along the coast along the shortest straight line between its neighboring protrusions, dividing the ice cover into ice fields up to 10-30 km in diameter. The linear expansion or contraction of ice when its temperature changes by 1 °C is 70 mm per 1 km of ice. Fluctuations in air temperature sometimes reach 20-30 °C per day. Thus, with the width of Lake Baikal in the Listvennichnoe - Tankhoi region being 40 km and the temperature difference being only 10 °C, the total width of the cracks is 28 m. But since the ice is covered with snow unevenly, and, consequently, the cooling or heating of individual ice fields is also uneven, then the cracks form a very complex and highly branched network of varying lengths: from tens to hundreds or more meters. The cracks live or breathe, that is, their width changes throughout the day. The largest width of dead gaps in one place is about 4 m. But most often they are from 0.5 to 1.2 m wide. They are overcome with the help of special ladders made of thick two- to three-inch boards or from logs with plank flooring laid across cracks.

What are hummocks?

Pile of ice fragments along ice cracks or through cracks. As the temperature rises and the cracks narrow, ice is squeezed onto the surface and creates hummocks. Since the expansion and contraction are repeated, the hummocks along the gap form a pronounced ice shaft. The height of hummocks is usually relatively small - up to 1-1.5 m. But sometimes they can reach 10-12 m. The time of formation of hummocks is determined by the thickness of the ice floes from which they are formed. Hummocks form from thin ice floes at the beginning of freeze-up, and from thick ice floes, usually in the spring, when daily air temperature changes increase and the ice begins to warm up with the spring rays of the sun.

How do ice thrusts form?

Most often in the spring, when, when the surface layers of ice and snow melt, the melted water first fills dry temperature cracks and then freezes in them. Cracks cease to play the role of temperature compensators, the ice becomes a monolithic mass, and its surface becomes rougher when melting. In the second half of winter (from February) and spring, winds become stronger on Lake Baikal. At this time, ice movement, enhanced by the wind, sets large ice fields in motion. In places where resistance arises or there is an obstacle (shore fast ice, engineering structures, etc.), a pile-up of a moving mass of ice occurs - a thrust. Thrusts that occur when a lake freezes are made of thinner ice and are of a smaller scale. They usually do not pose such a serious danger to engineering structures as spring thrusts.

Why are there no ice thrusts in winter?

In winter, negative temperatures are more stable, without sudden and long-term changes, and the ice is stronger. Temperature fluctuations and the resulting expansion or contraction of ice are compensated by cracks in the ice and ice cracks.

What is the extent and thickness of the thrust faults?

Ice can be squeezed onto the shore at a distance of up to 20-30 m, and its accumulations, when meeting a reliable obstacle - a rock, for example, can rise by 15-16 m. In 1962, in Southern Baikal, ice shafts from thrusts up to 20-20 m high were observed. 30 m. In 1933, such ice pressure blocked the railway track near the station. Tankhoy and pushed a freight train along with a steam locomotive off the rails. In the spring of 1960 at the shipyard named after. Eat. Yaroslavsky icebreaker "Angara" with a displacement of 1400 tons was driven by ice onto the coastal sandbank.

In the same year in the village. Larch and the port of Baikal destroyed berth structures due to thrusts. In Sosnovka Bay on May 13, 1960, when there was complete calm, moving ice pushed stones weighing 5-6 tons onto the shore.

To protect engineering structures or ships from damage by ice thrusts, a mine is cut around the protected structures - a gap for the free movement of ice. The width of the lane must be at least one and a half times the thickness of the ice. But such protective measures do not always achieve their goal. Thrusts are sometimes so significant that such mines do not prevent them. In this case, other, more active measures are needed. Usually you have to crush the advancing ice with explosions.

The impact of ice thrusts is enormous. Unfortunately, direct measurements have not yet been made.

The scale of the impact of thrusts depends on meteorological conditions - wind strength, the degree of temperature increase during warming, as well as on the size of the fields that have come into motion. On Baikal they are up to 200-300 km2, the mass of ice that comes into motion reaches 180-220 million tons. The inertial force of such a mass is very impressive. Even if the ice moves at a speed of 1 cm/s, then even in this case, with an ice thickness of 1 m, the impact will become enormous, and the developed power is comparable to the power of tens and even hundreds of the largest hydroelectric power plants. The speed of movement of ice fields can be tens of times greater (up to 0.5-0.6 m/s), therefore, the force of influence of such ice is many times greater.

When does “artillery cannonade” happen on Lake Baikal?

Every year in winter, after the entire lake area freezes. With a sharp and significant drop in temperature, the ice cover cools and shrinks. Shrinkage cracks appear in it. Their size depends on the absolute value and rate of temperature decrease. With less cooling, numerous wedge-shaped non-through (dry) cracks appear; with significant cooling - through (wet) cracks. Ice cracking is accompanied by noise and roar that resembles artillery cannonade.

What is ice cracking and what causes it?

Winter break-ups of the ice cover on Lake Baikal are quite common. There are cases from the past when a horse crossing was already opened on a lake after it froze, and then the ice was destroyed within a few hours. For example, January 13-14, 1908 from the village. Buguldeiki to the village. Kharauz (a distance of about 25 km on the ice of the lake across the basin) a horse crossing opened, and on January 15-16 the ice near the western shore broke and nine carts with horses were carried on ice floes across the lake for five days; 22 people escaped with difficulty. On January 19, the lake froze again, and from January 21, the usual regular crossing was established. In 1932, near the village. Larch (Listvyanka) after the start of the crossing, the ice 10-15 cm thick was broken by a strong storm.

On Baikal, ice breaking is possible even if its thickness is over 30 cm. This happens under the influence of severe storms such as bora. Such a wind rushing from the mountains has a huge downward force with powerful vortices of different directions. Under the pressure of the wind, the ice cover on the water sways, hydraulic waves are excited underneath it, which, in turn, give rise to ice waves of various periods, amplitudes and lengths, propagating in different directions. With such waves, forces arise that exceed the adhesion forces of ice. As a result, even monolithic ice that does not have through cracks breaks.

What is the load capacity of ice?

Loads weighing up to 15 tons can be transported when the ice thickness is over 75 cm. If the ice is cut by dry cracks, the calculated ice thickness must be increased by 20%, and for wet cracks - by 50%. In 1904, a 40 km long railway crossing was built between the Baikal and Tankhoi stations across the lake. Metal rails were laid on logs on the ice, and railway cars and steam locomotives were transported along them by horse traction from the western to the eastern shore. The weight of the locomotives was about 65 tons. The ice could not withstand such a concentrated load on through cracks, and the locomotives had to be transported in a disassembled state.

Why is young ice stronger than old ice?

Young ice is usually without cracks, its particles are tightly welded together, and therefore it is much stronger. Solid, clean young ice about 5 cm thick can withstand the weight of a person (those who like to skate on young ice should be warned - people are allowed to walk on it only if they have a 4-5 times safety margin). Previously, the transportation of goods on sleighs began soon after freeze-up when the ice thickness was 32-35 cm. If we take into account that during severe frosts the ice grows up to 5 cm per day, then it was no longer the third or fourth day after freeze-up that horse-drawn crossings often began, but on the eighth - ninth - by motor transport. However, at present, due to contamination of water and ice, its strength has decreased.

In the spring, the crossing ends two to three weeks before the opening, and sometimes earlier, although the ice at this time is 50-60 cm thick. The ice begins to “disintegrate” - its dismemberment under the influence of solar heat into unconnected needle-like crystals - sixes. Such long ice crystals penetrate first part, and then the entire thickness of the ice. Ice crystals become as if isolated. Water seeps through such ice when it melts, making movement on it dangerous even for a pedestrian. Gradually it melts and the ice cover disappears

What are steams and what causes them?

On Baikal, the flow of heat from water to ice is very uneven, so the thickness of the ice is also uneven. Ice is thin where the flow of heat is so great that even in severe frosts it causes the ice to melt. These places where polynyas are formed or the ice becomes significantly thinner are called steam holes or springs. Steam rooms on Baikal are formed, according to V.M. Sokolnikov, from five reasons: from gases rising from the bottom and entraining

bring warmer water; currents bringing warm water; thermal waters; spring waters; heat of river waters in the estuarine areas. From year to year, steam baths are found in the delta areas of the Selenga and V. Angara rivers, in the Barguzinsky and Chivyrkuisky bays, above the Academic Ridge, in the area of ​​the Ushkany Islands, etc. When driving along Lake Baikal on cars, motorcycles or on tourist trips, you need to be very careful careful. It is better to bypass areas where there are steam baths either by land or by moving several kilometers out to sea. When moving in areas where steaming is possible, you should be with a guide who is well acquainted with the places where they form.

How to detect steam stains?

Open steam holes - ice holes - can be seen on the ice from a considerable distance; you just need to look carefully and be able to distinguish them. But more often steam rooms are hidden by a thin crust of ice, and after a snowfall they are powdered with a layer of snow. In this case, it is difficult to detect them. If steaming is caused by the release of deep gases, then under the ice, if it is clean and transparent, you can see gas bubbles. Steam baths formed by thermal waters, springs, or the inflow of warm tributary waters are more difficult to notice. To do this, you need to carefully examine the ice and test its thickness with an ice pick or other sharp object. The steams are visible on aerial photographs and infrared images from space.

Where does Baikal begin to open up first?

In the area of ​​Cape Bolshoy Kadilny. There are outlets of gases that raise warmer deep waters to the surface, and they cause the formation of steam ice in the winter and the melting of ice in the spring.

Why does ice melt earlier on steep coastlines than on flat ones?

Steep, especially rocky shores reflect thermal solar radiation, which accelerates the melting of ice. In addition, mineral dust particles of soil carried away from the coast accumulate on the ice cover of such shores. Darker, they absorb more heat, heat up and also speed up the melting of ice.

Experienced housewives remember the times when refrigerators were not equippednofrostand from time to time it was necessary to defrost the unit. The event is long, labor-intensive and not the most pleasant. Therefore, if you suddenly find that your refrigerator has decided to go back to ancient times and is freezing the “fur coat” in the freezer, you should not leave things to chance.

If you notice increased ice formation in your freezer, first of all, check whether the freezer closes tightly. You may have simply "stuffed" it so much that the door does not fit properly and warm air is entering the chamber. Everything is fine? Then the next step is to check the settings. A “fur coat” can form in the freezer if:

• Super freeze mode is enabled. In some refrigerator models, it does not turn off automatically - you need to turn it off manually.
• The temperature is set to very low. This could have happened by accident - the thermostat was touched or the family members “helped”. Or you were afraid that the kitchen was too hot and decided to play it safe this way. Remember: the optimal temperature in the freezer is - 19 ... - 17°C. Even if the room is hot, there is no need to choose a cooler mode: a working refrigerator always maintains the set temperature, regardless of the ambient temperature!

The modes are also in order, but is there snow and ice in the freezer? In this case, unfortunately, we have to talk about a malfunction.

The most common reasons why ice forms in the freezer

A lot of ice in the freezer, as a rule, encourages housewives to defrost the unit. Unfortunately, this does not always help. And if after a day or two the freezer is again covered with snow and ice, we are definitely talking about a breakdown. The table below describes the most common breakdowns that cause increased ice formation in the freezer.

Symptom of malfunction	Possible cause	Repair cost * (work + spare parts)
In a no frost refrigerator, ice and snow accumulate at the bottom of the freezer. Perhaps there is water under the boxes.	The freezer drain hole is clogged. Normally, the freezer is “cleaned” of ice at least once a day: the defrosting heating element is turned on, the ice turns into water and flows down the drainage channel. If the drainage hole is clogged, the water has nowhere to “go”; it accumulates under the drawers and freezes in a thick layer of ice. It is necessary to clean the drainage hole: for example, rinse it with warm water from a syringe. However, not all refrigerator models have easy access to the drain; you may need to unscrew the back panel of the freezer. If you are not sure that you know how to do this, it is better to seek help from a specialist.	On one's own or from 1000 to 2900 rub.
The back wall of the freezer is covered with a thick layer of ice and snow, while the temperature inside the freezer compartment is higher than the set one, and the unit’s motor runs almost without turning off. The more snow builds up, the higher the temperature, and the less often the compressor turns off. If the refrigerator model is full of no frost, then the refrigerator compartment will not cool well. In a no frost refrigerator with a “crying” evaporator, the increased temperature will only be in the freezer. In addition, an emergency indicator on the refrigerator control panel may light or flash, and models of electronically controlled refrigerators may beep and display an error message on the screen.	The defrost system has failed, which is responsible for “cleansing” the freezer of ice. A breakdown of the defrost timer, evaporator heating element, defroster, fuse or other component of the “cleaning” system does not allow the refrigerator to start the defrost cycle, and the evaporator becomes “overgrown” with fur coats. As a result, the cooling capacity of the unit decreases, and the temperature in the freezer gradually increases. The motor-compressor tries to compensate for the lack of cooling capacity by constant operation and rarely turns off. In full No Frost models, the cold air supply channel to the refrigerator compartment freezes, and it stops cooling. It is necessary to diagnose the defrost system, identify the failed unit and replace it.	from 2900 to 8000 rub. Depending on the number of failed units in the defrost module
The refrigerator rarely turns off. The walls of the freezer are evenly “overgrown” with snow and ice. If in the refrigerator the temperature in the chambers is regulated independently, only the freezer compartment will freeze (for example, in a two-compressor unit). If the design of the refrigerator involves one thermostat located in the evaporator, then the refrigerator compartment will also freeze - you will see ice on the back wall.	Most likely, The temperature sensor has failed. As a result, the refrigerator control module receives incorrect information about the temperature in the freezer and, based on this data, “gives” the command to the motor to freeze more than necessary. The faulty temperature sensor needs to be replaced.	from 1900 to 3900 rub.
Snow and ice are uneven, b O Larger “growths” are located closer to the freezer door. The temperature in the freezer compartment has increased. The alarm indicator on the unit control panel lights up or flashes. Electronic refrigerator models may beep and indicate a problem with an error on the screen.	More likely The rubber door seal is worn or torn. Because of this, the seal of the freezer is broken. Warm air enters the freezer and you can see the ice located closer to the door. The seal needs to be replaced.	from 2500 to 7000 rub.
	It could also arise imbalance of the freezer door fastening system. The freezer door is hinged. In the case when the door fastenings “loose” and “sag”, the tightness of the door is broken and warm air enters the chamber. In this case, you will see more ice near the refrigerator door. It is necessary to balance the fasteners or replace them.	from 1900 to 4500 rub.
Heavy, uneven frost is visible in the area of ​​the freezer evaporator. The refrigerator motor does not turn off. The freezer temperature is higher than the set value. The alarm indicator on the refrigerator control panel may light up or flash. Electronic models may beep. Once the refrigerator is completely defrosted, the freezer or refrigerator generally stops working at all.	In rare cases, the freezer evaporator may experience freon leak. As a result, the cooling capacity of the unit drops, the refrigerator compressor initially works without turning off, and freezes a large layer of ice at the leak point on the evaporator and in the freezer. After all the freon has evaporated from the system, the freezer compartment or both chambers will stop working. The evaporator needs to be repaired or replaced and the system needs to be recharged with refrigerant.	from 3500 to 6500 rub. leak in sealed part – from 8000 rub.

* The table below shows FULL PRICES for repairs, including the cost of the technician’s work and new spare parts. The technician will tell you the exact cost after diagnosis.

If you find snow and ice in the freezer of your refrigerator, please do not delay in contacting a repair shop. This is not only “inconvenient”, but also indicates that some kind of breakdown has occurred in the refrigerator. If you do not fix it promptly, there is a high probability of more complex, and therefore more expensive, faults to fix.

Contact "RemBytTech":

7 (495) 215 – 14 – 41

7 (903) 722 – 17 – 03

We will repair your refrigerator on the same day you call, and you will forget about problems with refrigeration equipment for many years!