What to do with destroyed old bricks. Where can I use brick break or brick chips? Recyclable materials

Of course, we will talk about durable bricks. Those that crumble from light impacts are not suitable, for example, for paving paths. But they can be useful in other options.

PAVED PATHWAYS

FLOWER BED FROM BLOCKS WITH HOLES

Some ideas can be simply built from bricks. Some will require bricklaying and mortar skills. You can entrust this to specialists, or you can learn to do it yourself: when will such an opportunity arise again? After all, don’t build an aqueduct; the reliability of a Roman bridge is not required here.

GARDEN BENCH AND TABLE

EDGE FOR FLOWER FLOWERS AND BEDS

GARDEN FOUNTAIN

BIRD BATH

COLOR THEM!

Read the continuation on the next page by clicking its number below.

Brick is one of the most ancient building materials, which was used by mankind during the construction period. Ancient Rome. Only back then it was sculpted by hand, but today the production of this material is fully automated and carried out in incredible volumes. In addition to the basic types: silicate and ceramic, it is advisable to highlight broken brick. You can get it by sorting through old masonry. Often the battle consists not only of brick fragments, but also elements of cement. Despite the fact that it is perceived by many as garbage, it is still actively reused in the construction industry and demonstrates excellent practical characteristics.

Most often this combination of materials is used to carry out repair work road surface. But for these purposes, only the option that has been tested for suitability and contains additives of different fractions is suitable. Many people use broken bricks instead of crushed stone, creating country paths, filling the foundation of a house in a swampy area, or simply solving problems with poor-quality asphalt or flooded areas on the roads or in the yard.

Important: to fill a swampy surface or other area with increased level water resources, should be pumped out excess water, otherwise attempts to compact the territory will be useless. To do this, you need to buy a hydraulic motor http://ukrintroservis.com.ua/katalog_produkcii_gidravlika_gidronasosi__gidromotori.html with a hydraulic pump and, if possible, get rid of water as much as possible. Only after this procedure can the strengthening process be continued. In the private sector, there is always a use for broken bricks, so all construction waste or damaged materials are not thrown away, but are carefully stored for long-distance use at the right time.

It is worth noting that experts recommend using broken bricks instead of crushed stone when the main object will not be subject to serious load. The popularity of the substitute material has increased due to affordability and excellent operational properties, because if you plan to build a compact small summer house, it does not need increased durability, and there is simply no need to use expensive crushed stone. Many designers have only recently discovered the aesthetic potential of broken bricks, so today they use it to create landscapes and interesting exterior objects.

The article was created with the assistance of the company “UkrIntroService”.

In this article I want to tell you about lavender and give you several recipes that I am very passionate about.

As you probably already understood from my previous posts, I love lavender very much and quite often add it to meat and fish, and also add it to desserts. Most people only know lavender from its herbes de Provence mixture, but there are so many amazing recipes using it.

Lavender, or as the French call it “blue gold,” has been growing for several millennia on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Historians have found much evidence that since the time of the Roman Empire, lavender has been used not only for medicinal purposes, but also as a culinary additive. Queen Elizabeth I of England drank lavender tea as a cure for migraines and liked to add lavender to her meat dishes. You can read about this in many English cookbooks. But only in the 20s of the 20th century did lavender begin to be produced in industrial scale and dried flowers became available to residents not only of the Old World.

Of course, you may not want to bother with growing lavender in your dacha, but believe me, if you still decide to take this step, you will plant it on yours every year. personal plots these beautiful and fragrant flowers. We placed pots of lavender around the gazebo and in the evenings the aroma is simply amazing.

It is still unclear where lavender comes from (some biologists write about Persia, Egypt, Italy, Greece or even Spain), but currently large quantities she can be found in French Provence. Most lavender varieties tolerate well harsh climate. For example, varieties such as English lavender such as Lavandula angustifolia officinalis (also known as True lavender or Vera) and the hybrid L.x intermedia Provence tolerate both heat and severe frost. Basically, chefs around the world use the Angustifolia variety when cooking, with a very delicate aroma and taste. They say that this particular variety was created for use in desserts. Just recently I came across an article in the NY Times in which a famous American chef described how he smokes chicken. To my surprise, he used lavender flowers of the L. intermedia Grosso variety. If you want to plant this wonderful crop on your site, pay attention to these varieties.

If you've never tried adding lavender to your food, start a little at a time, just add a few flowers to your favorite dish. You'll give a new lease of life to any dish, be it steamed vegetables, biscuits or duck breasts.

Lavender salt (dry version)

1 teaspoon dried lavender flowers

1/2 cup coarse sea salt

Grind the lavender thoroughly in a mortar and add salt to it. Transfer to an airtight container and store in a cool, dry place.

Use this mixture to marinade meat and fish, including chicken and duck, and to fish fillet. This mixture goes perfectly with meat. Rub it all over a piece of meat, place it in an airtight container and refrigerate for 3-4 hours before baking.

This salt is ideal for use with lavender margaritas, and bartenders usually rub it on the rims of glasses (see my Lavender Margarita recipe)

Lavender salt (wet version)

2 teaspoons dried lavender flowers

2 teaspoons coarse sea salt

2 teaspoons olive oil

2 teaspoons finely minced garlic

1 teaspoon fresh rosemary leaves (finely chopped)

Grind the lavender with salt using a blender. Place in a mortar and pound with oil, garlic and rosemary. At the very end, add the remaining salt and mix gently.

Just like its younger sister, this salt is a very healthy and necessary seasoning, especially during the summer grilling season. Just rub it on your meat before boiling, baking or smoking.

Tropical fruit gazpacho with lavender

I have made this gazpacho more than once. It is wonderfully refreshing summer heat and, most importantly, it does not require any preparation effort.

300 ml water

100 grams of granulated sugar

1 teaspoon dried lavender flowers

200 g raspberries

juice of half a lemon

400 g strawberries

120 ml coconut milk

300 g pineapple

4-6 sprigs of mint

Place water, sugar and lavender in a gravy boat. Bring to a boil and simmer for 3 minutes, remove from heat and remove the lavender flowers, they have already given off their aroma. Using a blender, puree strawberries (half portion), raspberries, mango, papaya and lemon juice. Combine with cooled lavender syrup and add coconut milk and finely chopped kiwi. Stir and add strawberries cut into 4 pieces.

Broken brick instead of gravel?

Chill in the refrigerator for 2-3 hours and serve in margarita glasses, garnished with pineapple wedges and fresh mint leaves. This is delicious!

Steak marinade

250 ml dry white wine

1 tablespoon lavender honey

1 tablespoon Dijon mustard

1 teaspoon lemon zest

1 tablespoon lemon juice

1 teaspoon ground black pepper

1 teaspoon dry lavender

1 teaspoon salt

Mix all ingredients and rub over your steak. I usually marinate from 6 to 12 hours (it’s most convenient to marinate overnight)

This is delicious!

Marinated shrimp

This recipe is very simple, quick and goes great at any time of the year. Lavender honey is quite difficult to find in Russia, you can use any honey.

5 tablespoons lavender honey

2 tablespoons dried lavender flowers (crushed)

2 tablespoons olive oil

1 teaspoon wine vinegar (preferably white)

1 teaspoon lemon juice

1 freshly squeezed tangerine or blood orange juice

6 cloves garlic (minced)

ground black pepper

for shrimp:

2 glasses of dry white wine

1 onion medium size

half a lemon

half an orange or mandarin

1 teaspoon peppercorns

1 tablespoon coarse sea salt

1 kg large shrimp

1 bay leaf

To make the marinade, in a small bowl, combine the honey, lavender, oil, vinegar, lemon juice and everything else. Add salt and pepper to your taste. The marinade is ready.

Pour water and wine into a saucepan, add onion, lemon, orange, salt, pepper and bay leaf. Boil for 5 minutes. Add shrimp and cook for another 3-5 minutes until tender. Drain the shrimp in a colander and cool for a few minutes. Then transfer to a bowl with the marinade and stir. Let cool and transfer to an airtight container. Place it in the refrigerator overnight. Serve as a cold appetizer. This is delicious!

My advice: peel the shrimp before cooking, they will taste better and marinate evenly.

Tip: You can use dry lavender stems as skewers for grilled meat. This will give your products an unforgettable aroma

Tip: For more strong aroma lavender, grind the lavender in a spice mortar, it will release a little oil

In this post I practically did not use food photos; there is already plenty of this in my magazine. All photos show lavender that grows in our garden. Next time I will write a few more proven recipes with lavender and tell you how to dry it at home

Use of broken bricks

IN modern construction The use of recycled materials is widespread. These include broken bricks, which have a wide range of applications.

Production and use

Features and types

Skol artificial stone arises as a result of the demolition of old buildings and structures.

Broken brick or crushed stone

In addition, it often happens in production as a result of the release of low-quality batches. It varies depending on what type of product it was made from:

Skol is also classified by fraction. It can be small - from 5 to 20, medium - from 20 to 45 and large - from 40 to 90 mm.

How to make it yourself and what it can be used for

Some construction organizations provide broken concrete and bricks free of charge with pick-up. However we're talking about about products containing pieces of reinforcement, cement, and so on. It is advisable to use it only for rough work, for example, for backfilling a pit. Manufacturers, as a rule, sell crushed bricks at not very high price, but you don’t have to overpay for something you can do yourself. If you have material left after dismantling the stove or fireplace, masonry or foundation, you can turn it into battle yourself.
They do this in several ways: the first involves mechanical impact on products using a sledgehammer or crowbar, it is not recommended to use it for fireclay and silicate species. The second requires the presence of stone crushing equipment, which can be made with your own hands, purchased at a specialized store, or rented.

When laying the foundation in a private house, you can use chipped artificial stone to organize a cushion or mix it with cement-sand mixture to give it strength. For these purposes, it is better to take small and medium fractions. For the base, it is better to use ceramic or hyper-pressed cullet, which should be watered and compacted thoroughly. When strengthening the foundation, you can use chipping of the fine fraction of any product that is mixed with concrete. This is only advisable if the base will subsequently be subject to decorative finishing.

Chipping artificial stone can also be useful when arranging garden paths.

You will be able to save significantly on the purchase of crushed stone and slag if the cushion is under paving slabs you will make from recycled material.

It is laid directly on the sand and compacted well using available means so that the tile lies on the pillow as evenly as possible.

Cost in Moscow and the region

You can buy chipped bricks with delivery in one of construction organizations or by contacting the manufacturer at the price indicated in the table in rubles per m3:

Is it possible to build a house from old bricks?

Prices in construction stores materials are very expensive, which is why people with little income buy used options. This choice is much cheaper and a plus old brick often it even happens best quality than new. So, by choosing used materials, you not only save money, but also purchase high-quality blocks. True, not everyone is sure whether it is possible to build a house from old bricks? This is exactly what we will talk about in our article.

Recyclable materials

This solution, of course, significantly reduces the cost of building a house. True, you still cannot avoid purchasing solutions and other consumables. If you want to build a house from old bricks, then try to purchase all the materials in one place and make sure that the sizes of the blocks match.

Old brick house

Recycling includes:

Floor slabs are in good condition;
Floorboards;
Beams made of wood or metal;
Bricks;
Tiles, etc.

The main thing is that the old materials from which you are going to build a house are of normal quality, and also have the appropriate appearance. If the blocks are very crumbly or have a lot of chips, then it is better not to purchase them.

Most likely, the developer does not even think about what can be built beautiful houses from old brick. If you offer him to purchase used materials, they will try to dissuade you from this venture. But experienced builders know very well that even an old brick from which a house has stood for many years can last just as long. Any building made from such materials will be quite strong and reliable. And you can build a house from old red brick much cheaper than from new one.

Where can I buy used materials?

If you decide to use used materials, then you need to approach their use competently and wisely so that the building turns out strong and durable. But where can you buy old bricks to build a house? There are no specialized stores with such goods. It is best to search for materials through private advertisements on the Internet, magazines or newspapers. Such proposals appear quite often in the media.

Where to use brick break

After all, any person with a bright mind cannot raise his hand, throw away great amount whole brick, or old floors from the house. Such materials will be able to serve new owners for many more decades. The photo below shows an example of a building built from used bricks.

The use of non-new building materials for the construction of buildings:

The cost of purchasing blocks is significantly reduced;
Most of these materials are completely environmentally friendly, as before chemical solutions and there were significantly fewer components;
Boards, floors and everything else are time-tested for quality.

You can see an example of a house made of old brick in the photo. It is no different from its analogue, built from new and expensive materials.

Path made from used materials

If you bought land plot, which already has an old building, then there is no need to simply destroy it, turning it into a mountain of garbage. You can always throw away unnecessary boards, blocks or beams. It’s better to see what old materials can be useful to you in building a new house or outbuilding. This way you can save a lot of money.

Outside the city limits there are always people who will dismantle the walls of any building for you for a small fee. If you do not want to use these materials during the construction of a new house, then you can use them to make a good permanent fence or shed, as can be seen in the photo.

If, during the dismantling of the building, you managed to save many intact and high-quality blocks, then feel free to use them in the construction of walls and interior partitions. Clay brick, which was manufactured earlier, its characteristics are much better than its modern analogue (ordinary), since its moisture absorption rate is much higher. In terms of its main parameters, it can be easily compared with clinker, but the cost of such material is quite expensive.

The fight should also not be thrown into a landfill. It is perfect for backfilling the foundation.

You can save a lot on sand and crushed stone. In addition, you can also lay out paths in the yard of your site.

A house made from old bricks can turn out to be very original, and most importantly inexpensive. If you decide to build a building entirely from already used materials, then you need to take certain features into account. It is advisable to first purchase floors, boards, blocks, etc., and only then adjust the project to this. Starting with a drawing is much more difficult, since the search will be very busy. a long period time. Just check your listings regularly for availability. necessary materials. When purchasing, be sure to pay attention to the quality and condition of the blocks.

Pros and cons of a ceramic brick house

http://vseprokirpich.ru

Replacing bricks in masonry

The reasons for replacing bricks in masonry can be different, for example, damage or stains.

With this guide, you can easily replace damaged bricks.

Knocking out a brick

1. Knock the brick out of the wall using a chisel and small sledgehammer (Fig. 1), or a hammer. If you use a chisel and a sledgehammer, it will be easier for you to break the brick if you drill holes in the brick and in the mortar around the brick; the more holes, the easier it will be to knock out the brick piece by piece (Fig. 2).

2. First we break the mortar around the brick, then pull out the brick, breaking it into small pieces.

3. Now we are looking for a replacement brick.

(Removing the mortar around the brick Fig. 1)

(If you make holes, the brick will be easier to break (Fig. 2)

We put a new solution

1. Remove any remaining old solution completely. We thoroughly wet the resulting cavity with water.

2. Mix the solution and apply a 2-centimeter layer to the bottom and sides of the cavity using a scraper (Fig. 3).

3. We also apply a 2-centimeter layer of mortar on top of the brick (Fig. 4).

(Put the solution Fig. 3)

(Insert brick Fig. 4)

Inserting a new brick

1. Rocking, insert the brick into the cavity in the masonry and move it until the brick becomes flush with the surface of the masonry.

2. If necessary, the brick can be tapped with a trowel handle.

3. If the mortar does not come out around the brick, the mortar is too thin; we take out the brick, add mortar, and reinsert the brick.

4. Use a scraper to remove any excess solution.

5. After 30 minutes, you can do the jointing.

Brick instead of crushed stone

First we make vertical seams, and then horizontal seams.

6. Wet the jointing tool in water and calmly run it along the seam, leaving a concave mark.

7. Use a tool to remove the mortar squeezed out by jointing.

8. Using a wet piece of burlap or coarse cloth, clean the bricks from the drained mortar.

After overhaul In a private house the question arises: how to use old brick? Many people don’t find the answer and throw away the old brick. However, this is the wrong decision. Broken bricks can be used in a variety of situations.

Don’t rush to throw old brick into a landfill; it can be used for paving paths, filling holes, making flower beds and fountains.

After construction work There are always broken or old bricks left. It can be thrown away or used for household needs:

as a basis for the foundation;
paving paths;
bench construction;
erection of a barbecue;
landscape design;
as a facing material for cesspools and cellars;
for filling holes on a country road.

Foundation base and path made of old bricks

Broken bricks are often used to level roads and fill holes.

Broken bricks are used as a basis for construction work. Most often, broken building material is used in the construction of a fence foundation. Instead of crushed stone, broken bricks are poured or laid into the dug trench under the foundation. Next, sand is poured in and a small layer of concrete is poured. Next, crushed stone is poured and reinforcement or metal rods are laid out. Experts advise using broken building material only for the foundation of a fence or small outbuildings, because when building a house, the walls and roof will put pressure on the foundation. The building material will crumble, which can lead to cracks in the foundation.

At the dacha, old bricks will come in handy when paving a path in the ancient Roman style. For these purposes, you can use both whole and broken building materials. It is best to use red because it looks impressive. You will also need sand, small crushed stone and construction tools. Start by marking the future path. Next, along the length of the entire path, a layer of soil about 20 cm thick is removed. Crushed stone is poured onto the bottom, and sand is placed on it and everything is thoroughly compacted. Next, they lay out the brick, alternating broken with whole. Bricks must be compacted as much as possible. The cracks between them are filled with sand. To prevent grass from growing between the building materials, it is necessary to put a film on a layer of sand and carefully stretch it so that the water does not stagnate after rain.

Brick bench and brick grill

Paving the path with old bricks - good alternative expensive paving stones.

Old brick can be used to build a bench. It can be installed on concrete or soil. A column of 5-6 bricks is laid on a compacted or cemented place, holding them together cement mortar. For a bench 1.5 m long, a minimum of 3 posts is required. Placed on top of the posts metal corners, which also sit on concrete. The columns must dry for at least 2 days. Next, sanded boards are screwed to the corners and coated with varnish or paint.

Broken bricks can be used to build such a useful device in the country as a barbecue. The building material is ideal material for the barbecue, because it heats up quickly and holds the temperature for a long time. The construction of this structure begins with digging a hole along the previously measured perimeter. The hole is filled with broken building materials or crushed stone, which are compacted. Next, the hole is filled with cement mortar and carefully leveled. The foundation should dry out for several days.

Next, building materials are laid around the perimeter, secured with cement mortar. We leave it in one wall small hole, which will be used for stacking firewood or raking out heat. Each brick must be aligned using a level to avoid misalignment. Having laid out 5 rows, we install a metal grate or steel rods, on top of which 2 more rows of bricks are laid.

The width between the walls of the grill should be less length skewers Next, a canopy is built over the barbecue to protect from precipitation. For the construction of barbecue walls, it is recommended to use only whole bricks and a minimum amount of mortar. You should not add a lot of cement between broken building materials, because under the influence high temperature it will crack.

Flowerbed made of old bricks

Using brick to make a flower bed.

Old brick in the country house can be used for landscaping. To do this you need to dig a hole required sizes. Cover its bottom with a mixture of sand and small gravel.

A row of bricks is laid flat on top. The perimeter of the groove is lined with building material in a standing position. Soil is poured into the flowerbed and flowers are planted.

The fence can be painted in any color.

IN landscape design the possibility of using old bricks is limited only by the imagination of the owner of the site. You can build fancy sculptures, interesting vases for trees and flowers, or lay out the bottom of a small artificial pond.

Facing material and material for filling holes

Each dacha has cesspool, to which it is connected sewer system Houses. If the dacha is rarely used, then the walls of the pit can be lined with debris. This will allow the walls not to crumble, and the water to go into the ground.

Also, old building material can be used as cladding material for the walls and floor of the cellar.

In such conditions the brick will last long years, preserving the winter preparations of the owners.

If the old building material is not useful in the house, then it can be used to fill up holes on a country road. If it is broken, then it is poured into a hole and compacted. If it is intact, then it needs to be carefully laid out on problem areas. Old building material will not save the road and after a while will collapse under the wheels of cars, but for some time it will relieve motorists from puddles and potholes.

As you can see, the use of old brick is quite wide. This material is not suitable for quality construction, but it can be used for other interesting purposes.

We continue to consider important topic maximum use of resources on construction sites. A brick fight is on the agenda.

is a material consisting of stones and chips obtained by dismantling brick building structures or from production waste building material(brick factory marriage), photo 1.

Photo 1. Brick fight

Brick chips or brick chips - where to use them, advantages

At the industrial level, brick scrap is produced using special crushing machines. Then the brick battle is sifted and divided into factions. Brick waste can be purchased at crushing and screening complexes or brick factories. Also, the brick fight remains on the construction site after masonry work during the construction of walls and partitions of buildings.

There are the following types of brick fighting depending on the size of the faction:

screening – particle sizes 0...10 mm;
fine fraction – particle sizes 0...20 mm;
middle fraction – particle sizes 20...40 mm;
coarse fraction – particle sizes 40...100 mm or 40...70 mm;
sometimes there are fractions of broken bricks with particles of 0...100 mm and 0...300 mm.

The relevance of using brick fighting is growing every year for several reasons:

High cost of crushed stone and other aggregates.
A large number of dismantled old brick buildings and buildings.
On purchased private plots there are often brick buildings that need to be dismantled, and removal costs construction waste you need to spend extra money.
When performing masonry work, broken bricks and crushed stone always remain.

Depending on the material from which the resulting brick is made, there are the following types:

red brick brick fight;
brick fight from sand-lime brick;
brick battle made of fireclay bricks.

The most common option is a red brick battle. Sand-lime bricks have low frost resistance.

Where can you use brick fighting?

Options for using brick fighting at a construction site:

as backfill material dirt roads, temporary access roads to a construction site;
as backfill for the base of garden paths;
as backfill for wells, pits, trenches, gaps between the foundation and the ground;
as an additional or main filler for concrete (making foundations for small buildings, concrete paths, foundations for fences, etc.);
as a filler in three-layer walls (for example, when constructing well masonry walls) to increase the sound and heat insulation properties of the wall;
as a soundproofing backfill for wooden floors;
How decorative material For decoration flower beds, alpine slides;
to strengthen soil on slopes;
as a drainage layer on marshy soils.

Photo 2. Area of application of broken bricks and brick chips

Benefits of using brick fighting

low cost (significantly reduces the cost of concrete);
sufficient strength characteristics;
relatively high frost resistance of the material;
fairly high sound and heat insulation properties of the material.

Konev Alexander Anatolievich

Broken bricks should not be thrown into a landfill if you live outside the city and continue construction, repairs or landscaping. Broken bricks can be used for a number of jobs and below we will tell you how and where this can be done. By using combat, you can save a lot of money, so don't miss the opportunity to keep your wallet tight.

Application of brick fighting

Broken bricks can be used in next works :

— Preparation of concrete,
— Backfill under the screed,
— Improvement of paths,
— Filling gabions,
— Road alignment,
— Landscaping territories.

Let us immediately note that you can use a combination of red and white brick, while white scrap is more durable, it is not so afraid of moisture and does not crumble into construction dust under its influence.

Bedding and concrete

Fight is an excellent substitute for gravel in concrete production, the proportion of broken bricks in the mortar can be from 5% to ¼. Such concrete can withstand loads well, does not crack or delaminate under the influence of temperature and humidity changes.

You can also replace broken bricks with expanded clay when adding under the screed. In this case you won't have to order additional material and you can save money. When using scrap for backfill, it is important to reinforce the screed with a metal mesh, which is laid on top of the bedding, under the screed. Mesh cell size from 20/20 mm.

Paths and roads

With the help of combat, you can level the road near your house. To do this, broken white or red bricks are poured into road potholes and compacted using a manual tamper. Such “patches” will preserve the health of the car, and you won’t have to remember “fools and roads” when leaving the cottage.

Fighting can be used to strengthen and decorate paths in the territory country house. To do this, the path is first trimmed, 3-7 cm of debris is poured on top of the soil and it is compacted. If you have broken brick of two colors, you can mix it and sprinkle the path with this combined material- this is beautiful and practical, because walking in the autumn slush on a hard path without puddles is more pleasant than on a swampy path.

Broken brick allows moisture to pass through perfectly, and after compaction it becomes an almost monolithic hard layer.

Gabions

Broken bricks can be used to fill gabions, that is, constructions different shapes which are made from metal mesh with cells of different diameters. On suburban area gabions are used to create enclosing structures near swimming pools, flower beds and even fences.

Broken bricks are poured into a gabion with a fine mesh until the structure is completely filled. Before backfilling, you can sift the waste, after which large pieces are sent to the gabion, the fines are used in concrete works and for decorating paths.

Landscaping works

If there are a lot of uneven areas in your suburban area, then they can be leveled with broken bricks. In this case, there will be no subsidence of the soil at the work site, the area will become smooth, like an alpine lawn. It is important to add brick in such a way that there is still room to put fertile soil on top - nothing will grow on baked clay.

It is best to control the accuracy of site leveling work with a laser level; it will also help to divide the site into separate landscape zones.

Don’t forget to get rid of broken bricks if, by the will of fate, you have one. This material can be used in many ways when carrying out landscaping, construction or repair work.