Heating device- this is an element of the heating system that serves to transfer heat from the coolant to the air of the heated room.

1. Registers made of smooth pipes They are a bundle of pipes located in two rows and connected on both sides by two pipes - manifolds, equipped with fittings for supplying and discharging coolant.

Registers made of smooth pipes are used in rooms where high sanitary and technical requirements are required. hygienic requirements, as well as in industrial buildings, increased degree fire hazards, where large accumulations of dust are unacceptable. The devices are hygienic and easy to clean from dust and dirt. But they are not economical, they consume metal. Calculated heating surface of 1 m of smooth pipe.

2. Cast iron radiators. Block cast iron radiators consists of sections cast from cast iron connected to each other by nipples. They come in 1-2 and multi-channel types. In Russia, there are mainly 2-channel radiators. Based on the mounting height, radiators are divided into high 1000 mm, medium 500 mm and low 300 mm.

M-140-AO radiators have intercolumn fins, which increases their heat transfer, but reduces aesthetic and hygienic requirements.

Cast iron radiators have a number of advantages. This:

1. Corrosion resistance.

2. Well-established manufacturing technology.

3. Easy to change the power of the device by changing the number of sections.

Disadvantages of these types heating devices are:

1. High metal consumption.

2. Labor-intensive manufacturing and installation.

3. Their production leads to environmental pollution.

3. Finned tubes. They are a pipe cast from cast iron with round ribs. The fins increase the surface area of ​​the device and reduce the surface temperature.

Finned pipes are used mainly in industrial enterprises.

Advantages:

1. Cheap heating devices.

2. Large heating surface.

Flaws:

Do not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements (difficult to clean from dust).

4. Stamped steel radiators. They are two putty steel parts connected to each other by resistance welding.

There are: column radiators RSV 1 and coil radiators RSG 2.

Columnar radiators: form a series of parallel channels connected to each other at the top and bottom by horizontal collectors.

Coil radiators form a series of horizontal channels for the passage of coolant.

Steel plate radiators are manufactured single-row and double-row. Double-row ones are manufactured in the same sizes as single-row ones, but consist of two plates.

Advantages:

1. Small weight of the device.

2. Cheaper than cast iron by 20-30%.

3. Less costs for transportation and installation.

4. Easy to install and meet sanitary and hygienic requirements.

Flaws:

1. Low heat dissipation.

2. Required special processing heating water, since plain water corrodes with metal. Found wide application in housing in public buildings. Due to the rise in metal prices, production is limited. High price.

5. Convectors. Represent a series steel pipes, along which the coolant moves and mounted on them steel plates fins

Convectors are available with or without a casing. They are made various types: For example: Convectors “Comfort”. They are divided into 3 types: wall-mounted (hung on a wall h=210 m), island-mounted (installed on the floor) and staircase (built into a building structure).

Convectors are manufactured as end-type and through-type. Convectors are used for heating buildings for various purposes. Mainly used in middle lane Russia.

Non-metallic heating devices

6. Ceramic and porcelain radiators. They are a panel cast from porcelain or ceramics with vertical or horizontal channels.

Such radiators are used in rooms that have increased sanitary and hygienic requirements for heating devices. Such devices are used very rarely. They are very expensive, the manufacturing process is labor-intensive, short-lived, susceptible to mechanical impact. It is very difficult to connect these radiators to metal pipelines.

7. Concrete heating panels. Represent concrete plates with pipe coils embedded in them. Thickness 40-50 mm. They are: window sill and partition.

Heating panels can be attached or built into the structure of walls and partitions. Concrete panels meet the most stringent sanitary and hygienic requirements, architectural and construction requirements.

Disadvantages: difficulty of repair, large thermal inertia, which complicates the regulation of heat transfer, increased heat loss through additionally heated external structures of buildings. Mainly used in medical institutions in operating rooms and in maternity hospitals in children's rooms.

Plumbing heating devices must satisfy thermal, sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic requirements.

Thermotechnical assessment heating devices is determined by its heat transfer coefficient.

Sanitary and hygienic assessment- characterized constructive solution device, making it easier to keep it clean.

Temperature outer surface heating device must meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. To avoid intense burning of dust, this temperature should not exceed for residential and public buildings 95 o C, for medical and children's institutions 85 o C.

Aesthetic evaluation- the heating device should not spoil the interior appearance of the room and should not take up much space.

In order to in the cold winter period provide in living quarters the necessary conditions for living, you need a system that would help maintain the desired temperature. The heating system is the most successful engineering solution to this problem. The heating system will help maintain the house comfortable conditions throughout the cold period, but you should know what heating systems are available in modern times.

Heating systems may vary depending on different criteria. There are such main types of heating systems as: air heating, electric heating, water heating, water heated floors, and others. Undoubtedly important issue is choosing the type of heating system for your home. The classification of heating systems includes many types. Let's look at the main ones, and also compare types of fuel for heating.

Water heating

Among the entire classification of heating systems, water heating is the most popular. Technical advantages Such heating were identified as a result of many years of practice.

Undoubtedly, when asked what types of heating there are, it is water heating that first comes to mind. Water heating has such advantages as:

• Not very high surface temperature of various devices and pipes;
• Provides the same temperature in all rooms;
• Fuel is saved;
• Increased service life;
• Quiet operation;
• Easy to maintain and repair.

The main component of a water heating system is the boiler. Such a device is necessary to heat water. Water is the coolant in this type of heating. It circulates through closed pipes, and then the heat is transferred to various heating components, and from them the entire room is heated.

Most simple option is circulation natural type. This circulation is achieved due to the fact that different pressures are observed in the circuit. However, such circulation can also be of a forced nature. For such circulation, water heating options must be equipped with one or more pumps.

After the coolant passes through the entire heating circuit, it is completely cooled and returned back to the boiler. Here it heats up again and thus allows the heating devices to produce heat again.

Classification of water heating systems

Water heating type may vary according to criteria such as:

• water circulation method;
• location of distribution lines;
• structural features of risers and the diagram according to which all heating devices are connected.

The most popular is the heating system, where water circulation occurs through a pump. Heating with natural water circulation in Lately used extremely rarely.

In a pump heating system, heating of the coolant can also take place thanks to a hot water boiler room, or thermal water that comes from a thermal power plant. In a heating system, water can even be heated by steam.

A direct-flow connection is used when the system allows water supply with very high temperature. Such a system will not cost as much, and the metal consumption will be somewhat less.

The disadvantage of direct-flow connection is the dependence thermal regime on the “impersonal” temperature of the coolant in the external type supply heat water.

Air heating

These types of heating various rooms are considered one of the oldest. For the first time such a system was used before our era. Today, such a heating system has become widespread - both in public buildings and industrial premises.

Heated air is also popular for heating buildings. When recirculating, such air can be supplied to a room, where the process of mixing with indoor air occurs and, thus, the air is cooled to room temperature and heated again.

Air heating can be local, if the building does not have a central supply ventilation, or if the amount of air supplied is less than necessary.

In air heating systems, the air is heated by air heaters. The primary heater for such components is hot steam or water. In order to warm the air in the room, you can use other heating devices or any heat sources.

Local air heating

When asked what kind of heating there is, local heating is often equated only to industrial premises. Devices local heating are used for such premises that are used only during certain periods, in premises of an auxiliary nature, in premises that communicate with external air flows.

The main devices of the local heating system are a fan and a heating device. For air heating, devices and devices can be used such as: air heating devices, heat fans or heat guns. Such devices operate on the principle of air recirculation.

Central air heating is done in premises of any plan, if the building has central system ventilation. These types of heating systems can be organized into three various schemes: with direct-flow recirculation, with partial or complete recirculation. Full air recirculation can be used mainly during non-working hours for standby types of heating, or to heat the room before the start of the working day.

However, heating according to such a scheme can take place if it does not contradict any rules fire safety or basic hygiene requirements. For such a heating scheme, a supply ventilation system should be used, but the air will be taken not from the street, but from those rooms that are heated. The central air heating system uses the following: structural types heating devices such as radiators, fans, filters, air ducts and other devices.

Air curtains

Cold air can enter large quantities from the street, if the house is opened too often entrance doors. If you don't do anything to limit the amount of cold air that enters the room or don't warm it up, it can negatively affect your health. temperature conditions, which must comply with the standard. To prevent this problem, possible in the open doorway create an air curtain.

At the entrances of residential or office buildings, you can install a low-rise air-thermal curtain.

Limiting the amount of cold air entering from outside the building takes place thanks to design changes in the entrance to the room.

Compact air-thermal curtains have become increasingly popular lately. The most effective curtains are considered to be “shielding” type curtains. Such curtains create a jet air barrier that will protect the open doorway from the penetration of cold air currents. As a comparison of heating types shows, such a curtain can reduce heat loss by almost half.

Electric heating

Heating of the room occurs due to the distribution of air passing through dashboard without heating it up front side. This will completely protect against various burns and prevent any fire.

Electric convectors can heat any type of room, even if you only have one source of energy, such as electricity.

These types of building heating systems do not require high costs for installation or repair, in addition, they can provide maximum comfort. An electric convector can simply be placed in a certain place and connected to the mains power supply. When choosing a heating system, you can pay attention to this type - it is quite effective.

Operating principle

The cold air, which is located at the bottom of the building, passes through the heating component of the convector. Then its volume increases and it goes up through the output grids. The heating effect also occurs due to additional heat radiation from the front side of the electric convector panel.

The level of comfort and efficiency of such a heating system is achieved due to the fact that electric convectors use electronic system, which helps maintain a certain temperature. You just need to set the required temperature indicator and the sensor, which is installed in the lower area of ​​the panel, will begin to determine the temperature of the air that enters the room after a specified period of time. The sensor will send a signal to the thermostat, which in turn will turn on or turn off the heating element. Through such a system to maintain certain temperature, which will make it possible to connect electric convectors V different rooms, in order to heat an entire building.

Which system is better

Of course, the question of which heating system is better is inappropriate, since one or another system is effective under certain conditions. Comparisons of heating systems should be made taking into account all their pros and cons, focusing on installation conditions and your own capabilities.

Having considered what heating systems exist, you can draw certain conclusions for yourself. But in general, the best option is to consult with professionals.

Heating devices- the main element of heating systems, which serves to transfer heat from the coolant (steam, water) to the air in the room. Heat transfer from heating devices is carried out by convection and radiation. Heating devices must satisfy thermal, hygienic and technical and economic requirements.

Thermal technical requirements are that heating devices the best way transferred heat from the coolant to the air of the heated room, i.e., to have a sufficiently high heat transfer coefficient.

Hygienic requirements - the possibility of easy and complete removal dust from heating surfaces. The surface temperature of the devices should not be higher than 95°C. At higher temperatures, dust burns to the metal.

The technical and economic requirements are that the cost of heating devices and the consumption of metal per unit of useful heat released be the least; the metal used for their manufacture was not in short supply; The area and volume occupied by devices in the premises are minimal.

In central heating systems, radiators, convectors, heating panels, finned pipes, and registers made of smooth pipes are used as heating devices. Devices in which heat transfer due to convection is more than 75% belong to the group of convectors, and devices that transfer more than 25% total number heat by radiation - to a group of radiators.

The heating surface of devices is calculated in equivalent square meters - ecm.

Radiators. Radiators are assembled from separate sections connected to each other by nipples that have a left-hand thread on one side and a right-hand thread on the other. The nipples are simultaneously screwed into two adjacent sections at the top and bottom and the sections are pulled together with a special key. Blind plugs or with holes with a diameter of 15 or 20 mm are screwed into the nipple holes of the outer sections at the top and bottom to connect the device to the pipeline. The radiator can be used for all types of heating at a coolant operating pressure not exceeding 0.6 MPa and temperatures up to 150° C.

The most common cast iron radiators are M-140, M-140-AO, M-140-AO-300, RD-90, M-90, “Standard”.

Rice. 101. Radiators: a -M-140, b -M-140-AO

Radiators M-140 (a) and M-140-AO (b) are two-column and have the same dimensions. Radiators M-140-AO differ from radiators M-140 in that eight fins are located in the intercolumn space, providing increased heat transfer. The distances between the centers of the nipple holes of the M-140-AO radiators are 500 and 300 mm. Radiators RD-90 and M-90 differ from the M-140 radiator in their shallower depth, equal to 90 mm. Specifications radiators are given in table. 19.

Table 19

Rice. 102. Radiator “Standard”

Cast iron radiators “Standard” () differ from radiators M-140-AO in improved hygienic and aesthetic qualities. These radiators do not have intercolumn fins and the distance between the columns is 38 mm, which makes it easy to clean the entire surface of the radiator from dust.

Standard radiators are produced in five types: St-140-500, St-140-300, St-90-800, St-90-500, St-90-300 with a heating surface of devices in ecm of 0.31, respectively; 0.2; 0.36; 0.25; 0.17. In the designation of radiators, the first number is the depth in mm, the second is the mounting height in mm.

Steel panel radiators are designed for water heating systems for pressures up to MPa and up to 0.9 MPa, coolant temperature up to 150°C and oxygen content of no more than 0.05 g per 1 m3 of coolant in residential, public and industrial buildings. Steel panel radiators are produced in two types: RSV - with vertical channels; RSG - with horizontal channels. Such radiators have an upper distribution 1 and a lower collection 3 collectors, which are connected to each other by horizontal ( , a) or vertical ( , b) channels.

Rice. 103. Steel panel radiators with channels:

a - horizontal, b - vertical; 1 - upper manifold, 2 - vertical channel, 3 "lower manifold

Radiators are produced according to specifications in the form of ready-made heating devices of various standard sizes in single-row and double-row designs. The fittings for connecting radiators to the heating system are located at the end or back of the radiator.

Radiators are made from sheet steel 1.5 mm thick by stamping two halves, which are connected to each other by welding.

Heating systems with steel radiators, which must be constantly filled with water, can be connected to heating networks from thermal power plants, district and quarterly boiler houses if they have installations for deoxygenation of network water.

Since the hydraulic resistance of the RSV and RSG radiators is equal to the resistance of the M-I40-AO cast iron radiators, the M-140-AO radiators can be replaced with steel radiators without recalculating the heating system.

Convectors. Convectors are produced in the Comfort and Accord brands, designed for pressures up to 1 MPa and coolant temperatures up to 150°C.

Rice. 104. Convector “Comfort”: 1 - casing, 2 - air valve, 3 - heating element, 4 - fitting, 5 - air outlet grille beam

Convectors "Comfort" (), intended for water heating systems of residential, public and industrial buildings of various heights, consist of a metal casing, a heating element, air valve and fittings for connection to the heating system or to another convector. Convector casing 1 consists of front steel panels 1 mm thick and side steel panels 2 mm thick. The convector casing is made dismountable to allow cleaning of the heating element. The supporting base of the casing is created by the pipes of the heating element 3, on which the side shields are rigidly mounted. The front panels are attached to the bends of the side panels, along which they can easily be moved in the vertical direction. At the bottom front panel adjoins and rests on the heating element, at the top - on the stiffening bars attached to the beams 5 of the air outlet grille.

The heating element consists of two horizontally located pipes with a diameter of 20 mm, onto which fin plates made of sheet steel 0.5 mm thick are mounted. The size of the finning plates is 150X75 mm, and the clear distance between them is 6 mm.

Air valve 2 made of 1 mm thick sheet steel is located directly above the heating element and can occupy four fixed positions, i.e., be fully or partially open

or closed.

Table 21 Technical characteristics of Comfort-20 convectors

	Heat transfer, kcal/h	Heating surface, ecm	Length, mm	Weight, kg

Note. Pass-through and end convectors at the end of the mark have the letters P and K.

When the valve is closed, the heat transfer of the heating device is reduced by four times.

Comfort convectors are produced in two types: wall-mounted, which are attached to the wall, and floor-mounted, installed directly on the floor. Floor convectors differ from wall-mounted ones by the presence of legs for fastening to the floor. In addition, wall convectors do not have a rear front panel, which is replaced by the building wall. Convectors "Comfort" are manufactured in two modifications - pass-through and end. The walk-through convector has two fittings with a long thread on one side, and two fittings with a short thread on the other; The end convector has two short-threaded fittings on one side and a closed manifold on the other. Technical characteristics of Comfort convectors are given in table. 21.

Regulation of heat transfer by an air valve eliminates the installation of control valves; Comfort-20 convectors can be used in flow-through systems single pipe systems heating.

Rice. 105. Convector “Accord”: a - single-row, b - double-row

Convectors "Accord" ( ,a) are designed for water heating systems in buildings for various purposes. The convector consists of two pipes through which the coolant circulates, and U-shaped fin plates tightly fitted on them. Contact of the plates with the pipes is ensured by burnishing - increasing the diameter of the pipes after assembly. Convectors are installed in one or two rows in height ( , b) on the walls and secured to them with brackets.

Convectors "Accord" produce brands: АШ2А12)*, А16(2А16), А20(2А20), А24 (2А24), А28 (2А28), А32(2А32), А36(2А36), А40(2А40), respectively, size A in mm (see Fig. 105): 460, 620,780, 940,1100, 1260, 1420, 1580 and heating surface VECM: 0.6: 1.105-0.8-1.47; 1; 1.84; 1.2; 2.21; 1.4; 2.58; 1.6; 2.94; 1.8; 3.31; 2; 3.681

Finned tubes and registers. Finned tubes are made from gray cast iron lengths 500, 750, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mm with round ribs. Finned pipes are connected to pipelines using cast iron flanges. Despite their low cost, finned tubes are not widely used, since they are difficult to clean from dust, they are not beautiful enough, and their ribs are fragile. The installation of these devices in residential buildings is prohibited due to low hygienic qualities; They are used mainly in industrial buildings.

For heating industrial buildings and especially dusty ones production premises where finned pipes cannot be installed, devices made of smooth steel pipes with an outer diameter of 76, 89, 102 and 108 mm are used.

The heating system uses heating devices that serve to transfer heat to the room. Manufactured heating devices must meet the following requirements:

1. Economic: low cost of the device and low material consumption.
2. Architectural and construction: the device must be compact and match the interior of the room.
3. Production and installation: mechanical strength of the product and mechanization in the manufacture of the device.
4. Sanitary and hygienic: low temperature surfaces, small horizontal surface area, ease of cleaning surfaces.
5. Thermal engineering: maximum heat transfer into the room and heat transfer control.

Classification of devices

Distinguish the following indicators when classifying heating devices:

• — the magnitude of thermal inertia (large and small inertia);
• - material used in manufacturing (metallic, non-metallic and combined);
• — method of heat transfer (convective, convective-radiative and radiation).

Radiation devices include:

• ceiling radiators;
• sectional cast iron radiators;
• tubular radiators.

Convective-radiation devices include:

• floor heating panels;
• sectional and panel radiators;
• smooth-tube devices.

Convective devices include:

• panel radiators;
• finned tubes;
• plate convectors;
• tubular convectors.

Let's consider the most applicable types of heating devices.

Aluminum sectional radiators

Advantages

1. high efficiency;
2. light weight;
3. ease of installation of radiators;
4. efficient operation of the heating element.

Flaws

1. 1. not suitable for use in old heating systems ah, since heavy metal salts destroy the protective polymer film aluminum surface.
2. 2. long-term operation leads to unusability of the cast structure and to rupture.

Mainly used in central heating systems. Operating pressure Radiator operation from 6 to 16 bar. Note that radiators that were cast under pressure can withstand the greatest loads.

Bimetallic models

Advantages

1. light weight;
2. high efficiency;
3. possibility of quick installation;
4. heat large areas;
5. withstand pressure up to 25 bar.

Flaws

1. have a complex structure.

These radiators will last longer than others. Radiators are made of steel, copper and aluminum. Aluminum material conducts heat well.

Cast iron heating devices

Advantages

1. not subject to corrosion;
2. transfer heat well;
3. withstand high pressure;
4. it is possible to add sections;
5. The quality of the coolant does not matter.

Flaws

1. significant weight (one section weighs 5 kg);
2. fragility of thin cast iron.

The operating temperature of the coolant (water) reaches 130°C. Cast iron heating devices last quite a long time, about 40 years. Heat transfer rates are not affected by mineral deposits inside the sections.

There is a wide variety of cast iron radiators: single-channel, two-channel, three-channel, embossed, classic, enlarged and standard.

In our country economical option cast iron appliances are most widely used.

Steel panel radiators

Advantages

1. increased heat transfer;
2. low pressure;
3. easy cleaning;
4. simple installation of radiators;
5. light weight compared to cast iron.

Flaws

1. high pressure;
2. metal corrosion, in the case of using ordinary steel.

Today, a steel radiator heats up better than a cast iron one.

Steel heating appliances have built-in thermostats that provide constant temperature control. The design of the device has thin walls and responds fairly quickly to the thermostat. Discreet brackets allow you to mount the radiator on the floor or wall.

The low pressure of steel panels (9 bar) does not allow them to be connected to a central heating system with frequent and significant overloads.

Steel tubular radiators

Advantages

1. high heat transfer;
2. mechanical strength;
3. aesthetic appearance for interiors.

Flaws

1. high price.

Tubular radiators are quite often used in room design because they add beauty to the room.

Due to corrosion, ordinary steel radiators are not currently produced. If you subject the steel to anti-corrosion treatment, this will significantly increase the cost of the device.

The radiator is made of galvanized steel and is not subject to corrosion. It has the ability to withstand pressure of 12 bar. Radiator of this type often installed in multi-story buildings residential buildings or organizations.

Heating devices of convector type

Advantages

1. low inertia;
2. small mass.

Flaws

1. low heat transfer;
2. high requirements for coolant.

Convector-type appliances heat the room quickly enough. They have several manufacturing options: in the form of a plinth, in the form wall block and in the form of a bench. There are also in-floor convectors.

This heating device uses copper tube. The coolant moves along it. The tube is used as an air stimulator ( hot air the top goes up and the cold one goes down). The air change process takes place in a metal box, which does not heat up.

Convector-type heating devices are suitable for rooms with low windows. Warm air from a convector installed near the window prevents the incoming cold.

Heating devices can be connected to a centralized system, as it is designed for a pressure of 10 bar.

Heated towel rails

Advantages

1. variety of shapes and colors;
2. high pressure levels (16 bar).

Flaws

1. may not perform its functions due to seasonal interruptions in water supply.

Steel, copper and brass are used as manufacturing materials.

Heated towel rails are available in electric, water and combined types. Electric ones are not as economical as water ones, but they allow buyers not to depend on the availability of water supply. Combined heated towel rails must not be used if there is no water in the system.

Radiator selection

When choosing a radiator, you need to pay attention to the practicality of the heating element. Next, you need to remember the following characteristics:

• overall dimensions of the device;
• power (per 10 m2 area 1 kW);
• operating pressure (from 6 bar - for closed systems, from 10 bar for central systems);
• acidic characteristics of water as a heat carrier (for aluminum radiators this thermal fluid is not suitable).

After clarifying the basic parameters, you can proceed to the selection of heating devices based on aesthetic indicators and the possibility of its modernization.

One after another they are falling on the planet economic crises, which, coupled with the rapidly decreasing amount of resources, creates a need for the development and use of energy-saving technologies. This trend has not bypassed heating systems, which strive to maintain or even increase their efficiency while consuming significantly less resources. Let's figure out what new technologies for heating a private house, apartment and industrial premises, decomposing the heating system into four main components: heat generator, heating device, heating system and control system.

The boiler heating system is the most productive, although also the most expensive (after electric heaters) of all modern autonomous heating technologies. Although the boiler itself is an invention with ancient history, modern manufacturers have managed to modernize it, increasing efficiency and adapting it to different types of fuel. Thus, there are three main (fuel-burning) types of boilers - solid fuel, gas, liquid fuel. Electric boilers that are somewhat out of this classification, as well as combined or multi-fuel boilers, combine the qualities of two or three types at once.

Solid fuel boilers

There is an interesting tendency to return to the traditions of the past and active use solid fuel: from regular firewood and coal to special pellets (pellets pressed from wood processing by-products) and peat briquettes.

Solid fuel boilers are divided according to fuel type into:

Classic ones “accept” any type of solid fuel without any problems, are extremely reliable and simple (in fact, this is the oldest heat generator in the history of mankind), and are cheap. Disadvantages: “capriciousness” in relation to wet fuel, low efficiency, inability to adjust the temperature of the coolant.

A pellet boiler is a heating device that runs on wood waste compressed into small pellets. They stand out for their high efficiency, long work on one load, extremely convenient system loading of pellets (filled from a bag or package), the ability to customize the boiler. The only significant drawback is the rather expensive pellets for heating, the price of which ranges from 6900 to 7700 rubles per ton, depending on the ash content and calorific value.

The next type is pyrolysis heating boilers, operating on pyrolysis gas extracted from wood. The fuel in such a boiler smolders slowly and does not burn, due to which it gives off noticeably more heat. Advantages: high efficiency and reliability, adjustable heat transfer, up to half a day of operation without reloading. The only drawback is the need to connect to the electrical network, which can cause the house to be left without heat during power outages.

Standard boilers long burning loaded with any types of solid fuel, with the exception of wood: coke, brown and hard coal, peat briquettes, pellets. There is another variety, designed specifically for working with wood and slightly different in design. Advantages: work up to five days on oil products and up to two days when loaded with wood. Disadvantages: relatively low efficiency, need for constant cleaning.

Gas boilers

Mains gas is the most economical of all types of fuel, and boilers running on it are considered the most convenient to use and maintain. This is explained completely automated work and absolute safety, for which many sensors and controllers are responsible. They do not have any disadvantages as such, although they do require a gas line or constant delivery of new cylinders.

Liquid fuel boilers

It cannot be said that such heating systems are innovative, but they have been consistently in demand for decades and are therefore worthy of mention. The main types of liquid fuel: diesel fuel and liquefied propane-butane mixture. Advantages over solid fuels: almost complete automation of operation. Disadvantages: extremely high cost of heating, second only to electricity.

Electric heating

It features a wide variety of heating systems and individual devices. These include electric convectors (which in turn are in-floor, floor-mounted and wall-mounted), and electric boilers, and fan heaters, and infrared heaters, and oil radiators, and heat guns, and the well-known heated floor. Their common and so far insurmountable drawback is the extremely high cost of heating. The most economical of them are infrared radiators and heated floors.

Heat pumps

These heating systems are modern in the full sense of the word, despite the fact that they appeared back in the 80s. Then they were available only to wealthy people, but now many have gotten used to collecting them by hand, thanks to which they are slowly but surely gaining popularity. A very simplified principle of their operation is to extract heat from the air, water or ground outside the house and transfer it into the house, where the heat is transferred either directly into the air, or first into the coolant - water.

Solar systems

Another rapidly developing technology is solar heating systems, better known as solar panels.

Advantages:

Flaws:

Thermal panels

They are thin rectangular (usually) plates fixed to the wall. Backside Such a plate is covered with a heat-accumulating substance that can heat up to 90 degrees and receives heat from the heating element. Energy consumption is only 50 watts per 1 square meter, unlike older electric fireplaces that require at least 100 watts for the same area. Heating occurs due to the convection effect.

In addition to being economical, thermal panels differ in:

There is only one drawback - thermal panels become unprofitable in the spring and early autumn, when the home only needs a little heating from evening to morning.

Monolithic quartz modules

Unique development of S. Sargsyan - candidate technical sciences. Externally, the plates are very similar to thermal panels, but their operating principle is based on high heat capacity quartz sand. The heating element transfers sand thermal energy, after which it continues to heat the home, even when the device is unplugged. The savings, as in the case of thermal panels, are 50% of the costs of standard electric heaters.

PLEN - film radiant electric heaters

This innovative heating system has a device that is as simple as it is ingenious: a power cable, heating elements, dielectric film and reflective screen. The heater is fixed to the ceiling, and the infrared radiation it produces heats objects located below. These, in turn, transfer heat to the air.

The main advantages of PLEN:

Thermal hydrodynamic pumps

These devices, also known as cavitation heat generators heating systems generate heat by heating the coolant according to the principle of cavitation.

The coolant in such a pump rotates in a special activator.

At the sites of rupture of an integral mass of liquid, as a result of an instantaneous decrease in pressure, bubbles-cavities appear, bursting almost instantly. This causes a change in the physicochemical parameters of the coolant and the release of thermal energy.

It is interesting that even with the current level of scientific and technological development, the process of cavitation energy generation is poorly understood. A clear explanation for why the energy gain is greater than its costs has not yet been found.

Air conditioner as a heater

Almost everything modern models air conditioners are equipped with a heating function. Oddly enough, the air conditioner has three times the efficiency of standard electric heaters: 3 kW of heat from 1 kW of electricity versus 0.98 kW of heat from 1 kW of electricity.

Thus, an air conditioner for heating in winter is capable of a short time Replace a switched-off heating system or a faulty electric fireplace. However, due to the fact that air conditioners do not use heating elements to heat the air, their efficiency drops with every degree of temperature outside the window. Besides, severe frost overloads the device, and operation in this mode can lead to breakdown. The best option There will be use of air conditioning in the off-season.

Convectors

Since a convector heating system is an extremely broad concept, and almost every modern heating device uses the convection effect, we will make a reservation in advance that we are talking here only about individual water and electric convectors. They represent placed in metal case fin heater.

The air circulating between the ribs of the device heats up and rises, and in its place are drawn air masses, which have already managed to cool down during this time.

This endless circulation is called convection. By heat source convector heaters They are divided into water and electric, and according to their location - into in-floor, floor and wall. Also, any of them can work on the principle of either natural convection or forced (with a fan).

Although the types of convectors and the features of each of them are a topic for a separate article, we can highlight the general advantages of using these heaters:

So which is more profitable financially?

As a conclusion to this section, let’s compare the cost of heating for different types fuels: wood, pellets, coal, diesel fuel, propane-butane mixture, regular main gas and electricity. With average prices for each type of fuel and with average duration heating season in 7 months during this time you will have to spend:

The leader is obvious.

Heating devices

First of all, modern heating radiators are bimetallic and aluminum models. However, there is a stable demand for both steel and cast iron products, which is due to the new approach of manufacturers to the manufacture of seemingly outdated heating devices. Let us briefly describe the advantages and disadvantages of each type.

Aluminum

They are most popular in the post-Soviet space for their price/quality ratio (cheaper than bimetallic, in many ways more reliable than steel and cast iron).

Advantages:

1. the best heat transfer among all analogues;
2. expensive models can withstand pressure up to 20 bar;
3. little weight;
4. simplest installation.

Disadvantages: poor corrosion resistance, especially noticeable at the junction of aluminum with other metals;

Bimetallic

Generally recognized best type radiators. They got their name due to the combination of steel (inner layer) and aluminum (casing) in their design.

Advantages:

Disadvantages: high price.

Steel

Poorly suited for multi-storey buildings and centralized heating systems in general, and all their own best properties They are exhibited in private homes and fit perfectly into the heating systems of industrial premises in factories and factories. You can read more about steel heating radiators.

Advantages:

1. heat transfer is above average;
2. rapid onset of heat transfer;
3. low cost;
4. aesthetic appearance.

Flaws:

Cast iron

It should be understood that modern cast iron heating radiators are no longer lumpy and heavy relics of the past that “decorated” almost every house during the Soviet era. Modern manufacturers significantly improved them appearance, making them almost indistinguishable from bimetallic or aluminum models. Moreover, there is a growing fashion for the so-called, the shapes and patterns of which bring the atmosphere of the early 20th century into the house.
Advantages:

Disadvantages: huge weight and the ensuing difficulties with installation (special supports-legs are often required).

Heating system

In most modern country houses A horizontal heating system is used, the main difference of which from vertical distributions is the partial (less often - complete) absence of vertical risers.

This variety is especially popular in Russia. horizontal system, like a single-wire heating system (or single-pipe).

She assumes the natural, without circulation pump movement of water. From the heating device, the coolant flows through a riser to the second floor of the building, where it is distributed over radiators and transmission risers.

Water circulation without a pump is made possible by changing the density of hot and cold water.

A single-pipe system has a number of advantages over a two-pipe system:

Control system

Additional benefits can be provided by a heating system controller - a miniature computer device capable of: