|

Fundamentals of life safety
Grade 11

Lesson 1
Personal hygiene and health rules

Basics of a healthy lifestyle

A healthy lifestyle is understood as a way of life of people that provides them with the formation, preservation and strengthening of health. Conventionally, this process can be divided into two areas: the active actions of a person to form and improve their health (physical culture, hardening, compliance with hygiene rules, etc.) and the desire of a person to avoid the effects of factors that destroy health (smoking, drug addiction, substance abuse and alcoholic beverages).

Important components of a healthy lifestyle- personal hygiene, friendly relations in the family and high moral behavior.

Personal hygiene and health rules

Human activity from the first days of his life passes in close interaction with the external environment. The science that studies the influence of the external environment on the health of an individual and the entire population, and also develops hygiene standards, requirements and rules for maintaining health, high working capacity and prolonging the active longevity of people, is called hygiene. Many centuries passed before it took shape in a real science, one of the areas of medical knowledge.

When we talk about personal hygiene, we mean the hygiene of an individual. It, in turn, is of great importance for social hygiene, that is, the hygiene of society as a whole. The concept of "personal hygiene" is very broad and includes the implementation of many hygiene rules, requirements and norms aimed at maintaining health, performance, active longevity, prevention of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Personal hygiene includes several sections, including dental care and hair care.

Dental care

An adult should have 32 teeth. However, due to malnutrition and dental care, trauma, and removal of wisdom teeth, most adults are left with slightly fewer teeth.

The layer of enamel that covers a healthy human tooth is the hardest substance in the human body. However, like other hard objects, teeth can be traumatized and eroded. Its most common form is caries, a decay caused by acid that forms on the teeth as a result of the presence of bacteria and food particles on them. Acid can gradually eat into the cavity in the tooth, and it will start to hurt if the nerves at its root are affected.

The initial symptoms of such a toothache are usually hypersensitivity to heat, cold or sweets (the tooth begins to ache). The pain will gradually increase (it may become so severe that it will not let you sleep) until the cavity is healed or until the nerves are killed by bacteria (in this case, an abscess may form - a swollen, inflamed area in the tissues where pus accumulates) . Treatment of caries is more difficult if you wait until the disease becomes acute.

The mouth with its warm and moist environment- one of the most favorable places in the body for the reproduction of bacteria. If they are allowed to multiply uncontrollably, an infection or abscess can develop. Bacteria through the cavity in the tooth can penetrate into the pulp, from it - into the tooth socket and lead to the formation of an abscess. Abscesses most often form in the gums due to food particles getting stuck between the teeth and gums.

Another common dental disease is stomatitis: the appearance of painful sores on the inner surface of the cheeks. The causes of this disease can be food allergies, stress, mechanical injuries and poor oral hygiene.

As with any other part of the body, infections in the mouth tend to spread if left untreated. The infection from the tooth can spread to the tissues of the face and neck, causing them to swell and make breathing difficult. If large numbers of bacteria enter the bloodstream, a person may develop a fever or even develop a life-threatening condition. In this condition, he needs immediate intensive medical care and hospitalization.

To keep your teeth and oral cavity healthy, you must adhere to the following rules:

Protect yourself from the most common sports injuries and car accidents: if you play contact sports, wear protective equipment such as a helmet, face mask and jaw protector; in the car, fasten your seat belt, which can save not only your life, but also your appearance, in particular, save your teeth;
eat more foods that strengthen teeth and gums, and less of foods that weaken them (vegetables rich in fiber and calcium contribute to healthy teeth; apples, carrots and celery, which must be chewed thoroughly, not only give work to the muscles of the jaws, improve blood flow to the teeth and gums, but also clean the surface of the teeth well; peanuts and nuts, tea, sunflower seeds, cheese, olives, if consumed after meals, can also prevent tooth decay by preventing the formation of an acidic environment in the mouth);
avoid fatty, viscous and acidic foods: they can change the environment in the oral cavity and affect the composition of saliva in a way that increases the likelihood of tooth decay and erosion of enamel;
regularly clean the interdental spaces with a special floss or toothpick, use a natural-based toothpaste;
visit the dentist 2-3 times a year: in this case, he will detect diseases of the teeth and gums in a timely manner.

Hair care

In appearance, the hair does not resemble skin, although it is a modified epidermis.

The hair is made up of a shaft and a root.. The rod is located above the surface of the skin, and the root is located in its thickness, in the hair follicle. The extension of the root at its end is called the hair follicle. Hair grows from it.

Hair is present on almost the entire surface of the skin, except for the palms and soles. There are three types of hair: long (hair of the head, mustache, beard); bristly (eyebrows and eyelashes) and fluffy, located on the whole body.

Hair cells contain the pigment melanin. The color of the hair depends on its quantity. The more pigment, the darker the hair. As we age, the pigment cells stop multiplying and the hair turns gray.

What is hair for? They perfectly protect the head from cold and heat, eyelashes protect the eyes from specks, eyebrows do not allow sweat to get into the eyes.

Hair is devoid of nerve endings, so it can be cut painlessly. They require meticulous care. Only well-groomed hair - clean, shiny, silky, well combed - decorates its owner.

Unfortunately, sometimes white and yellowish scales appear on the scalp and in the hair. There may be few of them, and sometimes it seems that the whole head is sprinkled with flour. At the same time, hair constantly looks dirty and can fall out a lot. In everyday life, this phenomenon is called dandruff. Its medical name is seborrhea. Seborrhea is closely related to metabolic disorders in the body. To get rid of it, you need to exclude from food fatty and spicy dishes, smoked meat and fish, canned food, limit the use of sweets and cheese. Outdoor games, playing sports, eating cereals, especially oatmeal, and sound good sleep are conducive to the good condition of the hair.

Hair should be washed not according to the schedule, but as needed. Dirty - so you need to wash. At the same time, it is good to rinse them with water with vinegar, a decoction of chamomile or nettle. Very helpful head massage. You can do it before every wash. Do not be lazy to comb your hair in the morning and evening. It’s good if you have a wooden or bone comb: the plastic one electrifies the hair and splits it with its microburrs. It is absolutely unacceptable to comb someone else's, even mom's or dad's, comb.

Body hygiene

Human skin protects the entire body from all kinds of environmental influences.. Maintaining the cleanliness of the skin is extremely important, because in addition to the protective function, it performs the following functions: thermoregulatory, metabolic, immune, secretory, receptor, respiratory and other functions.

Wash daily with warm water. The water temperature should be 37-38 degrees, i.e. slightly above normal body temperature. Up to 300 g of fat and up to 7 liters of sweat are released through the skin of a person per week. So that the protective properties of the skin are not violated, these secretions must be washed off regularly. Otherwise, favorable conditions are created on the skin for the reproduction of pathogenic microbes, fungi and other harmful microorganisms.

It is necessary to take water procedures (bath, shower, bath) using a washcloth at least once a week.

Keep your hands and nails clean. Exposed areas of the skin are particularly prone to contamination. Dirt containing pathogenic microbes can get from hands to mouth through food. Dysentery, for example, is called the disease of dirty hands. Hands should be washed before going to the toilet and always after the toilet, before eating and after eating, after contact with animals (both street and domestic). If you are on the road, then you need to wipe your hands with a damp cloth to eliminate at least some of the germs.

Feet should be washed every day with cool water and soap. Cold water reduces perspiration.

Hygiene of underwear and clothing and footwear

An important role in personal hygiene is the cleanliness of our clothes.. Clothing protects the human body from pollution, mechanical and chemical damage, cooling, insect ingress, and so on.

Underwear needs to be changed after each wash, i.e. every day.

Socks, socks, stockings, tights are changed daily.

Clothes should be washed regularly.

It is unacceptable to wear someone else's clothes and shoes

Clothing and footwear must be suitable for climatic conditions.

It is advisable to give preference to clothes made from natural fabrics, and shoes made from natural materials.

The cut of clothes and shoes should take into account the anatomical features and correspond to the size of the person.

For more information, see the article “Clothing Hygiene”.

Sleep hygiene

Each member of the family you must have your own towel and your own bed.

Bed sheets must be changed weekly.

The bed should be comfortable.

Before going to bed, it is necessary to ventilate the sleeping area.

Try to keep pets out of bed.

Home hygiene

Home hygiene not only allows you to maintain order in the house, but also contributes to the preservation and promotion of health.

Cleanliness is essential for the destruction of germs, mold and mites that can cause various diseases.

The implementation of a number of hygiene measures reduces the risk to health, which is one of the main human values. In addition, compliance with hygiene rules speaks of a high human culture.

Healthy lifestyle It is impossible to imagine without caring for the hygienic condition of your own home. This is the same important element of hygiene as taking care of your own body, linen, clothes, shoes, etc. After all, on average, a person spends a third of his life in his home.

That is why the hygiene of housing should be given special attention.

For supporting the natural beauty of your home it is best to use proven folk remedies that are safe for health, which can be easily prepared at home.

Let's look at them in more detail:

Universal detergent - to prepare it, add four tablespoons of baking soda to one liter of warm water and mix thoroughly;
stove cleaner - pour fresh stains with water and sprinkle them with salt, and after the stove has cooled, wipe off the dirt with a sponge;
drain cleaner - pour half a glass of baking soda into the drain and pour half a glass of vinegar, after five minutes rinse the drain with boiling water from the kettle;
toilet bowl cleaner - a paste made from lemon juice and borax will help to clean the surface of dirt.

Maintaining good home hygiene helps to ensure the health and well-being of the family. Particular attention should be paid to cleanliness if there is a small child in the house. To ensure the comfort and safety of your own home, you need to regularly clean and make sure that it has enough heat, light and comfort. Do not cover windows during the day and do not place too many pots of indoor flowers on the windowsill, as this prevents sunlight from entering the room.

Ventilate rooms regularly to prevent oxygen deficiency (since lack of oxygen causes headaches and fatigue) and to freshen up the atmosphere. The temperature in the house should be no more than plus twenty-two degrees Celsius, which is most comfortable for the body.

Some concepts about cleansing the body

Over the past decades, there have been significant changes in human nutrition. A person began to use a lot of synthetic and refined products, although most of them are poorly processed and absorbed by his body. From the wrong combination of food and fluid intake, pollution and poisoning of the large intestine, liver, kidneys, and connective tissue of the body occur, which are unable to completely neutralize and remove unnecessary substances and toxins. This leads to an overload of toxins in the lungs, nasopharynx, skin and other organs. Numerous pathogenic microbes, penetrating the human body, find ideal conditions for reproduction in places of accumulation of harmful and unnecessary substances and subsequently cause various diseases.

That is why people should take care that their body is clean not only from the outside, but also from the inside, so that it clogs as little as possible and is constantly freed from toxins and other toxic substances.

There are many ways to cleanse the body. Most of them are reduced to carrying out procedures for cleaning and restoring the functions of the large intestine, liver, kidneys, joints, etc. This is done by combining various methods of cleansing (enemas, fasting, special diets, the use of choleretic and diuretic drugs, the use of heat, the implementation of various movements and pos). The success of the procedures, as a rule, is achieved only with the complete rejection of stimulants (tea, coffee, tobacco, alcohol). And they must be carried out under the guidance of experienced professionals.

Questions and tasks

1. What is a healthy lifestyle and personal hygiene?

2. What diseases of the oral cavity are possible if you do not take care of your teeth?

3. What hygiene rules must be followed to keep the teeth and oral cavity healthy?

4. What are the functions of the hair?

5. What hygienic rules must be observed when caring for hair?

6. What are the reasons for the need to cleanse the body?

Exercise 1.

Are all your teeth healthy? When was the last time you visited the dentist? If you cannot answer these questions right away, hurry to the dentist and get your teeth in order.

Task 2.

What Foods Promote Dental Health? Choose the correct answers:

a) confectionery;
b) vegetables rich in fiber and calcium;
c) fatty foods;
d) peanuts and nuts.

Task 3.

From the suggested answers, choose the one that correctly explains why hair can be cut painlessly:

a) hair follicles are not affected when cutting;
b) hair cells contain a special pigment that protects them from pain;
c) hair is devoid of nerve endings.

Task 4.

Dandruff (seborrhea) occurs due to metabolic disorders in the body. And this means that it is necessary to exclude fatty and spicy dishes, smoked meat and fish, canned food from food, limit the consumption of vegetables and fruits, sweets and cheeses.
There is an error in the list of products provided. Find her.

Hygiene is a science consisting of many sections, among which personal hygiene occupies the most important place. Personal hygiene -a set of mandatory rules for human behavior at work and at home. In a narrow sense, hygiene is keeping the body, clothing, and household items clean. Violations of the rules of personal hygiene and human health can put him and his family members out of action for a long time. This situation may arise if one family member fell ill, but shared utensils. As a result, the health of the rest is put at risk, that is, personal hygiene and health are inextricably linked with each other.

Personal hygiene includes several rules that every person is obliged to follow: keeping the body clean, the correct mode of work and rest, physical exercises, rational nutrition.

Leather

It covers the entire body and serves as a barrier to the penetration of various diseases. In addition to the protective function, the skin performs several others: respiratory, receptor, thermoregulatory ... It has a huge number of pores through which 5-7 liters of sweat and 200 g of fat are released weekly. In order for this important organ to function properly, the skin must be cleansed. Daily body care should be a mandatory ritual.

• Every day you need to take a shower with water at a comfortable temperature. But for people with very dry skin, frequent washing is not recommended, so as not to disrupt the protective function of the skin. And be sure to wash your face, armpits and groin every day. For these purposes, you can use appropriate care products - soap, gels. Each person must choose them individually. Skin hygiene involves the use of scrubs to exfoliate particles of dead epithelium.
• At least once a week, the procedure should be more thorough - in the bath, sauna or just in the bath.
• Cleanse your face daily and then apply moisturizer.
• Personal hygiene items - a washcloth, a towel - must be individual.
• Bed linen must be changed once a week.

Arms and legs

Hand hygiene plays an important role in maintaining good health: unwashed hands can introduce harmful microorganisms into the mouth and cause unwanted reactions. To care for hands and feet, you should regularly use manicure and pedicure accessories - brushes, nail files, pumice stone. Clean your nails thoroughly and file them carefully. Feet should be washed daily with cool water to reduce sweating. And hands need to be washed after coming home, before and after preparing food, before and after going to the toilet, and simply because they can get dirty. In case there are no conditions for washing hands, you must have a wet wipe with you.

Hair hygiene

To make your hair look well-groomed, you must try to follow simple rules.

1. It is necessary to wash your hair as needed - if the type of hair is normal, then once a week is enough.
2. Choosing a hair product requires a thoughtful approach - along with shampoo or conditioner, unwanted substances can enter the body.
3. To add shine to hair, it is very useful to rinse them with infusion of nettle or chamomile after washing.
4. Rubbing your hair with a towel is not recommended - just blot it.
5. Drying them with a hair dryer is also highly undesirable - if time permits, then allow them to air dry.

Oral hygiene

The basic rules of personal hygiene necessarily include oral care.

• Teeth should be brushed twice a day - in the morning and in the evening after meals and for at least 3 minutes. It is desirable to use a brush of medium softness.
• To clean the interdental space, you can use dental floss or a toothpick.
• To clean the gums, cheeks and tongue, there are many options for scrapers and spatulas, and to destroy all germs in the oral cavity, it is desirable to use a mouthwash.
• But even regular cleaning will not guarantee that cavities or other problems will not occur. In order to start treatment at an early stage, it is necessary to undergo a dental examination twice a year.

Feminine hygiene rules

The concept of personal hygiene should be familiar to every person from childhood. They are especially important for women. Knowing them and getting used to performing them from childhood, any girl will not worry in any situation.

Intimate care is individual for each woman and should include several mandatory rules.

1. You need to wash at least twice a day. Water must be flowing. The movements should be from front to back so that the discharge from the anus does not enter the vagina.
2. You need to wash only with the palm of your hand, without using a washcloth.
3. Towel for intimate hygiene should be personal or paper.
4. A sanitary napkin may also be suitable for this purpose if water cannot be used.
5. Underwear must be breathable. It is most comfortable to wear cotton.
6. The intimate hygiene of a girl must be thought out: you cannot use shower gel, soap, or those products that are not individually suitable for this purpose. They can cause irritation or even illness. Therefore, the best way out is to contact a gynecologist and purchase hygiene products on his advice. In extreme cases, you can purchase a product with a pH of 2.5 to 3.5 containing lactic acid so as not to disturb the microflora.
7. During menstruation, it is necessary to wash up to five times a day to wash away the decaying blood.

Clothing and footwear

In the rules of personal hygiene and human health, clothing plays a significant role, that is, its cleanliness.

• Underwear, including tights, stockings and socks, should be changed daily and freshly laundered.

• Clothing and shoes must be individual and appropriate for the season.
• Insoles from boots, boots and shoes should be cleaned immediately as they get dirty.

Benefit for health

In accordance with other paragraphs of the rules, nutrition must be complete and rational, ensure mental and physical activity of a person, contain a sufficient amount of calories, proteins, carbohydrates and fats. A proper diet is also necessary for a full-fledged rhythm of life: a person eats 5-6 times a day and does not starve. Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene in the kitchen will guarantee that there will be no intestinal upset. This means that health will not suffer.

Sports, and just physical exercises, physical labor, walks in the fresh air, various outdoor activities are the necessary and most reasonable pastime after a working day and on weekends. This will increase metabolism, vascular and heart tone, restore strength and harden the body.

The importance of personal hygiene cannot be overestimated.

But a hygienic certificate should be familiar to a person from childhood and strictly followed by him, and then any diseases will be bypassed.

PERSONAL HYGIENE

1. The concept and tasks of personal hygiene. Formation of personal hygiene skills in childhood.

Personal hygiene includes daily activities carried out by each person to maintain and promote health. This is hardening of the body, physical exercises, body and oral care, the use of rational clothing and footwear. Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene is also of public importance, since when communicating with others, a person who does not comply with certain personal hygiene requirements can have an adverse effect on the well-being and health of other people, in particular, contribute to the spread of infectious diseases and helminthiases.

2. Healthy lifestyle and its main elements. Healthy lifestyle promotion among children.

The correct distribution in time of various types of activities and recreation, meals, stay in the fresh air is the basis of a hygienic lifestyle. Only this ensures full recovery of strength after work and optimal conditions for the development of the functional capabilities of the body and high labor productivity. A properly constructed daily routine provides for the regularity of certain actions (work, sleep, etc.) throughout the day.

The significance of a certain distribution of time lies in the fact that it contributes to the consolidation of a dynamic stereotype that ensures the flow of various types of human activity in all their diversity. Through this, the organism interacts with the environment, adaptation to it, as a result of which a certain relationship is established between the internal processes in the organism and the external environment. Compliance with the regime of the day, the performance of certain types of activity at the same hours establish a strict alternation of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system - a well-known constancy of the working rhythm in the activity of the body. This is of great importance for overall performance, accustoms various body systems to work or rest, eating at certain hours, saves energy, etc.

There cannot be a single day regimen for everyone, since much depends on age, profession, state of health, climatic and geographical and other conditions, but under all circumstances a constant daily regimen should be observed as much as possible. It is necessary to take into account the daily rhythm of the physiological functions of the body and, adapting to it, increase or decrease the magnitude of labor loads in certain periods of the day.

An important place in the regime is occupied by sleep, which provides a good rest, especially the central nervous system, sensory organs and skeletal muscles (IP Pavlov).

The main hygienic requirement for night sleep is its sufficient duration, which is associated with the age of persons and the nature of their work. Sleep of an adult, according to I.M. Sechenov, should last at least 7-8 hours a day.

The younger the person, the longer the sleep should be, the earlier it should begin. The most useful sleep begins no later than 23-24 hours and ends at 7-8 hours. Young children and old people are shown an afternoon nap lasting 1-2 hours. h before sleep. It is necessary to create a favorable environment for sleep: silence, darkness or twilight,

air temperature is not higher than 17-18 0 C, clean air and comfortable bed.

The use of alcohol, drugs, smoking lead to a deterioration in health, a decrease in physical and mental performance, up to serious illness and premature death.

3. The problem of bad habits, their consequences for people's health. Prevention of addictive behavior among children and adolescents.

There is an extensive scientific, popular science and fiction literature that testifies to the danger that alcoholism poses to each person and to society as a whole.
Alcohol is a narcotic poison that primarily acts on the central nervous system, causing increased excitation and disrupting inhibition processes. Drinking alcohol, even in small doses, has a harmful effect on the cardiovascular system. Prolonged use of it leads to fatty degeneration of the liver, dysfunction of the kidneys, stomach, intestines and adversely affects the state of the respiratory system. Moderate but constant use of alcohol before meals to improve appetite, mood is one form of chronic alcohol poisoning. Alcohol irritates the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, the voice of drunkards becomes rough, becomes hoarse, and a chronic cough develops.
Smoking
Currently, smoking is very widespread and there is a clear trend towards an increase in the number of smokers, especially among women and adolescents. One of the reasons for this is the illusory opinion that smoking is a well-known sign of independence.
Nicotine contained in tobacco smoke, like alcohol, is a drug, but its negative effect is not detected immediately, but after a few years. Nicotine affects, first of all, the nervous system, which at the time of smoking is somewhat excited, an impression of cheerfulness is created, but then its depressing effect is manifested. Under the influence of nicotine, memory and attention worsen, mental performance decreases, blood vessels narrow, in particular the brain, which makes it difficult to eat and leads to headaches, dizziness, and a feeling of heaviness in the head.
In addition to nicotine, tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, pyridine bases, ethyl mercaptan, hydrocyanic acid, carcinogens that can have a harmful effect on the body. Under the influence of carbon monoxide, oxygen supply decreases and the level of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood increases.
According to WHO, smoking is the main cause of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer, as well as one of the important risk factors for myocardial infarction and a number of disorders during pregnancy and in newborns. Smokers are much more likely to develop stomatitis and gingivitis.
Smokers are characterized by increased overall morbidity and premature mortality. Smokers cause harm not only to themselves, but also to others who are forced to breathe air polluted with tobacco smoke. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the premises due to smoking increases significantly. This is especially harmful for children. Women who smoke endanger unborn children by increasing the risk of death of the child in the perinatal period. Children from smoking mothers are usually born often with defects, they are more susceptible to disease.
People who lead a healthy lifestyle have a natural desire to maintain and strengthen their health, which is realized by them with the help of rational nutrition, physical education, and personal hygiene.

However, often people, especially young people, are also characterized by such forms of behavior or activity that are unacceptable from the point of view of the principles of a healthy lifestyle. They are united in the category of people of "deviant behavior" (from the French deviation - "deviation from the correct line").
The mass forms of such behavior include alcohol consumption (drunkenness), tobacco smoking and drug use.
It is believed that a certain number of people become alcoholics, tobacco smokers or drug addicts after stopping their depressed mood due to some unsatisfied need for a dose of alcohol, nicotine, drugs. In this case, the natural relative or absolute lack of endogenous opioids is compensated by their exogenous antagonist in a colossal dose, hundreds or thousands of times higher than the normal level of production of these substances in the body.
The strong euphoric effect of drugs, alcohol, nicotine sharply shifts the balance of the emotional state towards positive emotions, which is well remembered by the body and leads to the closing of the chain of pathogenetic mechanisms that reinforce and develop addiction to taking exogenous opioids and their analogues. Endogenous opioids are replaced and then ousted from the physiological cycles of the body by their exogenous analogues and surrogates, which is very dangerous. Such destruction and substitution of normal physiological functions and neuropsychic processes causes manic addiction and inevitably leads the organism to death.
So, a normal healthy person must develop in himself the highest aspirations aimed at maintaining and strengthening his own health, i.e., hygienic needs. Realized through traditional behavior, they constitute a hygienic, or sanitary, culture, which is an integral part of the culture of society (G. N. Kotova, V. M. Zaitsev, S. I. Saveliev, 2003).

4. Personal hygiene of the student. 5. Personal hygiene. Hygiene of the skin, clothing and footwear of an adult and a child.

Proper skin care contributes to the normal functioning of the body and is a basic requirement of personal hygiene. The skin performs various physiological functions. Due to the huge number of nerve endings embedded in it, it serves as the primary analyzer of external stimuli that we perceive. Skin receptors are in close multilateral relationship with the central nervous system that regulates physiological processes in the body (IP Pavlov).

The skin protects the body from mechanical, physical and chemical damage and the penetration of microbes. Great is the function of the skin as an excretory organ. By sweating, the body is freed from excess heat and many harmful metabolic products formed in the blood and tissues. The secret of the sebaceous glands protects the skin from drying out, protects it from excessive wetting with sweat, increases its elasticity and ability to withstand mechanical stress. The skin is involved in the gas exchange of the body and has some bactericidal ability due to the acid reaction on its surface.

In the process of work and life, the skin is constantly polluted both from the outside and as a result of the physiological activity of the skin itself. The layer of dirt formed on the skin can cause mechanical blockage of the skin glands and thereby disrupt their functions. The penetration of bacteria into clogged sebaceous glands leads to the formation of folliculitis. Skin contamination rich in organic substances decomposes under the influence of microorganisms, forming fatty acids that have an unpleasant odor and irritate the skin. As a result, favorable conditions are created for the occurrence of dermatitis, pustular, fungal and other diseases.

The degreasing effect is exerted by the free alkali in the soap. It contains up to 2% in laundry soap, and no more than 0.05% in toilet soap.

Once a week, you should take a bath treatment at home or in the bath, and the best way is to wash in the shower with continuously flowing clean water. The most polluted areas of the body need additional care: hands, face, neck and legs.

Significant bacterial contamination is often found on the surface of the hands. The role of dirty hands in the spread of intestinal infections, helminthic invasions and other diseases has been proven. From the hands, germs get on food, dishes, household items, furnishings, etc.

Therefore, it is necessary to wash your hands frequently. It should also be borne in mind that up to 95% of all microbes accumulate under the nails, and their removal is achieved only with a brush. After washing, you need to dry your hands with a towel or, as is done in the toilet rooms of many public buildings, dry them with a current of dry air - with an electric towel.

It is enough to wash the face and neck in the morning and before going to bed. When washing the face, hot water and frequent use of soap should be avoided because of the danger of degreasing the skin. The head should be washed no more than once a week.

Massage, combing with a fine comb, a special brush contribute to the improvement of hair growth, since a slight pressure causes blood flow to the hair roots and enhances their nutrition.

Soiled feet and often excessive sweating require more frequent washing with soap or even water alone. To combat sweating, you should use general hardening measures that strengthen the nervous system. Of the local remedies, in addition to washing the feet with cool water at night, it is recommended to wipe the plantar surface of the feet and the spaces between the fingers with a cotton swab moistened with a 5% formalin solution, no more than 1-2 times a week.

It is necessary to change socks more often, avoiding nylon and nylon products. When sweating hands and other parts of the body, it is recommended to scrub with cologne or powder with special powders.

6. Personal hygiene. hardening. Features of hardening in childhood.

The essence and physiological principles of hardening

Hardening consists in the systematic, repeated exposure of the body to a number of external physical factors - this is a system of special training of the body with the help of natural factors of nature: air, water, sunlight, to increase resistance to sharp temperature fluctuations and prevent the occurrence of colds.

The importance of hardening to improve health and increase efficiency is extremely high. In the process of hardening, the thermoregulatory mechanisms are improved, which increases resistance to cold and heat effects and ultraviolet radiation of the sun. The response reflex reactions of the body to the impact of thermal stimuli change significantly, and some of them fade away, and instead new, compensatory ones arise. Multiple short-term systematic thermal effects with a gradual increase in the strength of the stimulus cause persistent adaptation to this stimulus (V.V. Pashutin, M.E. Marshak, K.M. Smirnov, A.A. Minkh, etc.).

The hardening process is accompanied by some changes in the morphological structure and physicochemical properties of tissues. Repeated thermal irritations lead to a thickening of the epidermis, a decrease in the water content in the tissues and an increase in fat in sweat, which contributes to a more even distribution of it on the skin surface and increases sweat evaporation (A.P. Parfenov, M.E. Marshak).

In addition to the specific effect of hardening, which is expressed in the fact that cold procedures increase resistance to cold, and thermal procedures increase resistance to heat, it also has a non-specific effect, which manifests itself in a general healing effect, increased efficiency, reduced morbidity, education of strong-willed and other psycho-physiological qualities.

Hardening can only be successful if it is carried out correctly. To do this, it is necessary to strictly observe the following physiological principles:

1) Hardening should be started in the absence of an acute illness

2) Individual approach to the choice of hardening agent for each child;

3) a gradual increase in the strength of the stimulus (for example, start water procedures with water at room temperature);

4) systematic hardening procedures, i.e. their daily use, and not from case to case, when trace reactions are not fixed, which is absolutely necessary;

5) the correct dosage of procedures, given that the main acting factor is the strength of the stimulus, and not the duration of its action.

air hardening

The skin is highly sensitive to ambient temperature, air movement and, to a lesser extent, to its humidity. The temperature sensitivity of the skin in its various parts is not the same, which depends, on the one hand, on the number of receptors laid down in one place or another and perceiving heat or cold, and on the other hand, on the adaptation of various parts of the body to heat or cold. Parts of the body that are usually covered by clothing are more sensitive to cold than those that are exposed. In this regard, it is advisable to carry out air hardening in a naked or semi-naked form in order to act on a large surface of the body and get a more pronounced overall effect.

Air hardening is carried out in the form of air baths, which in medical practice are called aerotherapy. Their preventive value, in addition to the hardening effect, is manifested in a beneficial effect on well-being, metabolism, blood circulation, the tone of the nervous system, and the activity of physiological processes.

The main factor determining the dosage of air baths is the temperature of the air, but it is also necessary to take into account the humidity and speed of its movement.

Hardening by air should be carried out in the shade, in green areas, remote from sources of pollution by dust, smoke and harmful gases.

You can take air baths under the crowns of trees, on verandas, and in their absence - indoors, after lowering the air temperature by ventilation.

Air baths in the open air begin at an air temperature of 15-20 0 C, their duration is 20-30 minutes. Gradually, their time is increased, and the air temperature is lowered. Cool and cold air baths should always be combined with physical exercises performed at a pace that excludes cooling of the body.

When taking air baths in the room, the air temperature is reduced,

opening a window or window. One of the forms of hardening with cold air is a night's sleep in winter with an open window. In this case, hardening acts mainly on the upper respiratory tract.

When hardening with air, as with other hardening procedures, self-control is of great importance. An indicator of the correct use of air baths is good health, calm, sufficiently long sleep, normal appetite, increased efficiency, etc. The appearance of goosebumps, chills, trembling when taking air baths indicates the need to stop the bath or make vigorous movements to warm up. Contraindications to taking baths are very low air temperature, rain, fog, wind with a speed exceeding 3 m/s.

A variation of air hardening is the use of lightweight clothing in the cold season. To a certain extent, this is acceptable for residents of cities who stay outdoors for a short time. It is impossible to consider it expedient to walk in winter without a hat.

water hardening

The thermal conductivity and heat capacity of water is much higher than that of air, so it causes a stronger cooling of the body than air of the same temperature. At an air temperature of 24 0 C, a naked person feels satisfactorily at rest, while in water at this temperature it becomes cool, and in order to restore the previous heat sensation, it is necessary to heat the water to 30-35 0 C. In connection with this feature of the thermal effect of water on the body water procedures are a more energetic way of hardening than air baths.

For hardening, cool water with a temperature of 24-16 0 C and cold water - below 16 0 C are used.

The systematic use of cool and cold water procedures serves as an active prophylactic against the harmful effects of sudden drops in temperature, strong cold air currents and various accidental coolings of the body. Through the nerve endings embedded in the skin, thermal stimuli act on all the most important physiological functions of the body. As with air baths, the body responds to the irritating effect of cold water not only with a local, but also with a general protective reaction.

It is best to take water procedures in the morning, after sleeping or exercising, when the skin is evenly warmed, this provides a more dramatic vascular response. In addition, morning water procedures contribute to the transition of the body from sleep to wakefulness and create a good mood.

Water procedures are divided into the following types: sponging, dousing,

shower and bathing.

Rubbing is the mildest water procedure, prescribed mainly for people with poor health. It is carried out with a sponge or towel dipped in cool water.

Pouring consists in pouring cold water from a vessel onto the neck and shoulders from a distance of 5-8 cm. A slight pressure of a stream of water falling on the surface of the body, which increases thermal irritation, is added to the effect of cold. Dousing causes an energetic spasm of the skin vessels, followed by rapid relaxation, increases the tone of the neuromuscular apparatus, increases efficiency and creates a feeling of cheerfulness. Pouring is contraindicated for people with increased excitability of the nervous system.

The shower has the strongest cooling effect. The mechanical irritation caused by a falling jet of water is very significant, due to which the shower in a short time causes a stronger general and local reaction than previous methods of hardening with water. The water temperature at first should be 30-32 0 C, exposure no more than 1 minute. Regular showering should cause a feeling of cheerfulness, freshness, good appetite, increased efficiency, etc. The appearance of unpleasant sensations in the form of excessive excitement, irritability, insomnia indicates the need to ease the load or switch to more moderate water procedures.

Bathing in rivers and lakes is one of the most valuable methods of hardening, which also provides great aesthetic satisfaction. The beneficial effect of bathing is enhanced by the fact that the thermal effect of hardening is combined with simultaneous exposure to the naked surface of the body of air and sunlight with physical exercises (swimming, diving, etc.).

Systematic bathing in cool water has a tonic effect on all body functions, resulting in a rise in mood, a surge of energy, an improvement in appetite, digestion, and metabolism. With excessively long and frequent bathing, especially in the sea, irritation of the nervous system, heart failure, general weakness, etc. may occur.

In recent years, extensive construction of artificial swimming pools and indoor sports facilities has been carried out. This allows you to use the water factor for sports and general health purposes throughout the year thanks to water heating. These facilities are under strict sanitary and epidemiological supervision. It provides for continuous cleaning and disinfection of water in the pool (filtration, chlorination, ozonation and other methods), a certain procedure for using the pool, medical supervision of visitors, systematic studies of water, keeping all rooms in exemplary cleanliness.

hardening by the sun

As a preventive and therapeutic factor, air-solar baths are used, which, in addition to the general beneficial effect on the body, contribute to adaptation to high air temperatures.

It is best to take air-solar baths in the morning, when the air is less heated. In the south and in central Russia in the summer - from 7 to 11 hours, in more northern latitudes - from 9 to 12 hours. When hardening, you need to lie down with your feet to the sun, protect your head from the sun's rays with a straw hat, umbrella, etc., eyes - glasses with yellow-green or dark glasses. You can not bring yourself to profuse sweating, it is forbidden to sleep during the procedure. You should not lubricate the skin with any cream to get a better tan, this is allowed if the skin is dry after irradiation. It is necessary to know that the degree of pigmentation does not serve as a criterion for a biological effect, but depends on the individual characteristics of the organism.

Proper hardening is based on a rational dosage of

stuffy sunbathing, providing a gradual adaptation of the body to the effects of solar, especially ultraviolet, radiation. When hardening healthy people, a minute method of dosing air-solar baths is usually used, in which irradiation sessions begin from 5-10 minutes a day and bring them up to 2-3 hours every day, increasing the session by 5-10 minutes.

After each hour of exposure, a 10-15-minute break should be taken to rest in the shade, during the session it is necessary to change the position of the body. At the end of the session, you must take a water procedure. Repeated bathing during a sunbathing session is permissible only for completely healthy people.

At the beginning of hardening, this should not be done to avoid burns, since wet skin is more sensitive to ultraviolet rays.

With the correct use of air-sun baths, there is an improvement in general well-being, an increase in appetite, good sleep, a cheerful mood, an increase in efficiency, etc. Unpleasant subjective sensations that sometimes occur after the first air-sun baths disappear. Indicators of a really unfavorable effect of baths are general weakness, weight loss, deterioration in appetite and sleep, increased excitability of the nervous system, and deterioration in performance. A sharp increase in heart rate, redness of the skin, palpitations, headache, dizziness, nausea indicate intolerance to sunbathing due to incorrect dosage or increased sensitivity of the body to sunlight. In these cases, you should reduce the dosage or temporarily switch to air baths. Excessive exposure in duration can lead to the development of nervous, cardiovascular and other diseases, and the presence of some of them generally serves as a contraindication to taking air-solar baths.

A person grows and lives in society, so it is necessary to reckon with generally accepted norms. For example, with such as: rules of conduct, etiquette, hygiene. Compliance with the norms allows a person to live a full life, while the implementation, for example, helps to strengthen and maintain one's health.

Personal hygiene - what is it? This is one of the sections of general hygiene, the study of which is aimed at maintaining and strengthening human health. Performing hygiene procedures destroys the microbes present, which leads to a decrease in the likelihood of disease.

Sections of personal hygiene

Personal hygiene considers sections such as hygiene:

• human body and skin;
• oral cavity;
• sleep and rest - properly organized sleep and its timely alternation with difficulty;
• nutrition;
• shoes and clothes.

Hygiene items

Personal hygiene - what is it? This is a set of rules, the observance of which will help maintain and prolong health. For hygiene procedures, you need to have individual items. These include:

• towel;
• soap;
• washcloth;
• Toothbrush;
• razor;
• manicure set;
• comb;
• facial skin care complex: cream, lotion, tonic, scrub, mask;
• clipper;
• decorative cosmetics;
• deodorants, antiperspirants.

The use of the presented items helps a person to easily carry out hygiene procedures that are aimed at keeping the body clean, which will help to avoid possible diseases.

Personal hygiene requirements

Consider the basic principles of each area of ​​​​personal hygiene.

Body hygiene:

1. Timely shower. In the summer, this procedure must be performed daily. The result will be a reduction in germs and harmful microorganisms on the human body, which will reduce the risk of disease.
2. Hands and nails must be kept clean. Pay special attention to the nails, as a large number of harmful microbes can accumulate under them.
3. Keep feet clean, wash daily.

Hair hygiene:

1. Wash hair when dirty. In this case, it is not recommended to use hot water, since there is a possibility of increased sebum secretion of the head, which will lead to poor rinsing of the shampoo from the hair.
2. Choose hair products according to your hair type.
3. At the end of washing, rinse your hair in cool water.
4. Do not use a hair dryer.
5. If necessary, make a hair mask.
6. Have your own hairbrush.

• A toothbrush is an individual item for everyone.
• Brush your teeth 2 times a day: in the morning and before bed.
• Rinse your mouth after every meal.
• Visit the dentist once every six months.

Hygiene of underwear, clothes, shoes:

• keep clothes and shoes clean;
• change underwear daily;
• do not give anyone your personal clothes and do not use someone else's;
• dress according to weather conditions;
• choose clothes from high-quality natural fabrics.

Bed hygiene:

• change bed linen in a timely manner;
• have clothes for sleep;
• the bedroom should have clean and fresh air;
• maintain an optimal humidity regime;
• the bed should be comfortable and comfortable.

Child hygiene

The personal hygiene of the child is laid by the parents. At first, adults perform all hygiene procedures for the baby themselves, and as they grow older, the child begins to do them on their own.

When a child becomes a teenager, he should already follow the basic principles of hygiene automatically: wash his face, brush his teeth in the morning and evening, wash himself, keep his clothes and shoes clean. However, you need to know that there is personal hygiene. What's happened? These are the principles that must be adhered to in order to strengthen and maintain your health.

These include:

• properly organized classes and recreation;
• a full night's sleep, at least 9 hours;
• sports;
• balanced diet.

Differences between hygiene of children and hygiene of adolescents

The hygiene of adolescents is slightly different from that of children, as changes occur in the body at this age. Boys and girls grow up, they begin to show masculine and feminine characteristics, respectively. Therefore, parents should take the time to explain to the child what changes will occur in him and how this will affect personal hygiene.

In girls, pay attention to the appearance of the first menstruation and explain how to properly hygiene the genitals.

Principles of personal hygiene in adolescents

The child attends school, studies a lot, uses a personal computer. In this regard, it is necessary to pay attention to Parents should limit the time spent at the computer, tablet, TV, monitor the level of lighting during the child's classes.

Since the personal hygiene of a person is aimed at preserving and maintaining his health, one of the main components of this direction is proper nutrition. Parents should supervise the teenager so that he does not consume harmful foods, while monitoring the presence of good nutrition at least three times a day.

We can distinguish the following basic principles of a healthy diet for a teenager:

• eating at least three times a day;
• use fruits and vegetables in your diet;
• avoid snacking, eating chips, fast foods, crackers;
• limit the intake of flour and sweets;
• control the intake of vitamins, minerals and other useful substances for the body.

Personal hygiene is the responsibility of every person. In adolescence, there are changes in the usual hygiene procedures. At this age, the hormonal background changes, which causes the appearance of acne on the face in both boys and girls. Therefore, the personal hygiene of adolescents should include proper facial skin care: the use of lotions, tonics, masks, scrubs and other cosmetics that are selected individually for the skin type.

Boys begin to grow hair on their faces, so parents should buy a teen a safe razor and teach them how to use it so as not to damage the skin of the face. Pay special attention to the hygiene of the genital organs of boys and girls.

Conclusion

Personal hygiene of a person plays a big role in determining his place in society. To achieve success, one must not only have good knowledge, but also observe personal hygiene: keep the body and clothes clean, adhere to the principles of proper nutrition, have proper rest and perform the physical activities necessary to maintain health.

Personal hygiene - what is it? This is a set of rules, following which a person prolongs his life and improves health. Appearance shows how each individual adheres to the principles of hygiene. Neat clothes, shoes, healthy complexion, clean skin, athletic figure - are the key to a successful and long life.

Main article: Hygiene

Personal hygiene(individual) - a section of hygiene, which studies the issues of preserving and strengthening human health, observing hygiene rules and measures in his personal life and activities, developing and conducting hygiene education activities, promoting hygiene knowledge and a healthy lifestyle in order to improve the hygiene culture of the population. It includes questions of the hygienic maintenance of the body (skin, hair, nails, teeth), shoes and clothing, housing, the rules of rational nutrition, hardening of the body and physical culture. At the same time, some issues of personal hygiene are also dealt with by sexology (personal hygiene of the genital organs, hygiene of sexual life) and occupational hygiene (personal hygiene of workers during work).

In a broader sense, personal hygiene- this is human behavior aimed at the hygienic maintenance of the body (skin, hair, nails, teeth), shoes and clothing, housing, hardening of the body. It is an integral part of a healthy lifestyle.

The value of personal hygiene in human life

Hand washing is one of the ways to prevent infection with intestinal infections.

Unlike public hygiene, the purpose of which is to improve the health of the entire population or the health of the population, personal hygiene is aimed at maintaining and strengthening the individual health of a person.

Any achievements of public hygiene will not achieve their goal and will not be able to preserve the health of a person who will neglect the basics of personal hygiene (observance of the regime of work and rest, good sleep, rational nutrition, sufficient exposure to fresh air, keeping the skin, mouth, clothes, classes in hardening and physical culture, the absence of bad habits, such as smoking and alcohol abuse, etc.). Systematic inattention to the hygienic conditions of life worsens his health and reduces his working capacity.

At the same time, personal hygiene is inextricably linked with hygiene in general, including public hygiene. Thus, non-compliance with the requirements of personal hygiene in everyday life, especially by representatives of certain professions, has an adverse effect on the health of others (passive smoking, the emergence and spread of infectious diseases and helminthiasis, poisoning, etc.).

Hygiene of the human body

Tupfer used as an ear cleaner

Hygienic body care should be done daily.

Personal hygiene of the organs of vision

Personal hygiene of the hearing organs

Hearing hygiene

Personal oral hygiene

Dental floss

Oral hygiene is a means of preventing dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease, bad breath (halitosis) and other dental diseases. It includes both daily cleaning and professional cleaning performed by a dentist (oral sanitation).

Hygienic care of the oral cavity should be carried out at least 2 times a day (after breakfast and dinner). Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and toothpaste (toothpowder). Brush your teeth with vertical brush strokes. It is required to change the brush as it wears out, but at least every 3-4 months. Be sure to use dental floss to clean the sides of the teeth between them. The toothbrush must be individual. Other dental products are also used, such as mouth rinses, dental wipes, toothpicks.

As a prophylaxis for deodorizing the oral cavity after eating, removing food debris and normalizing pH, you can use chewing gum without sugar, for a greater effect, dentists recommend using medical or functional chewing gums with xylitol and functional additives. Rinse your mouth after every meal.

Gargling.

Personal skin care

Human skin emits sweat and sebum, polluted by dust. Normally, harmless microorganisms, the natural human microflora, live on human skin. When contaminated, the skin loses its protective properties and pathogenic microorganisms begin to multiply on it, and sweat and sebum, decomposing, begin to exude odors. A considerable number of microorganisms accumulate under the nails. Therefore, it is recommended to take a daily hygienic shower, cut your nails regularly short. Through dirty hands, you can become infected with intestinal infections and helminthiasis, in order to avoid this, it is imperative to wash your hands with soap after returning home from the street, after visiting the toilet, before eating. It is necessary to wash your feet daily before going to bed, followed by a thorough wiping them with a towel.

Hair washing is carried out at least 1-2 times a week. Shampoo is used to wash hair and head. Combs, shaving accessories must be individual.

Hygiene measures also include the use of protective gloves, clothing, footwear, creams to protect the skin from burns, frostbite, injuries (scratches, abrasions, bruises, splinters, etc.), aggressive chemical, poisonous and infectious substances.

Personal hygiene of the genitals and perineum

Gynecological swab female urinal

Failure to follow the rules of personal hygiene of the genitals can lead to diseases such as urethritis, cystitis, colpitis, bartholinitis, candidiasis - in girls and women, urethritis, balanitis, balanoposthitis - in boys and men. Due to the fact that the skin of the genital organs produces smegma and it accumulates, it is necessary to wash regularly. Washing of infants is performed after the act of defecation or urination. In order to avoid infection with sexually transmitted diseases, it is necessary to use only individual personal hygiene products (towel, washcloth, razors). After each act of defecation, you must use toilet paper, or wash yourself.

In girls, women

Wiping and washing the external genital organs of girls, girls and women must be done from front to back, in order to avoid the introduction of infection from the anus to the vulva. Wash off daily with warm water. You should not often wash yourself with soap, as it leads to dryness of the vulvar mucosa and disruption of the normal microflora of the vagina, as it has an alkaline reaction. If it is impossible to wash away, wet (hygienic) wipes should be used, it is also desirable to use them after each act of urination. During menstruation, appropriate personal hygiene items are used (sanitary napkin, gynecological tampon, menstrual cup, etc.).

Hygiene of sleep and rest

It is necessary to observe the sleep and wakefulness regimen. The duration of a night's sleep should be at least 7 hours, in order to avoid sleep deprivation. Be sure to observe the regime of work and rest, take breaks for rest during the working day, use weekly days off and annual holidays.

Hygienic rules of rational nutrition

• Compliance with the diet: the frequency of meals (for an adult - at least 3 times a day), the correct distribution of the diet by time during the day (no more than 50% after 18.00);
• Balanced nutrition according to the nutrient composition during the day: the ratio of proteins, fats, carbohydrates - 1: 1.2: 4.6;
• Energy adequacy of nutrition: compliance with calorie intake throughout the day, depending on physical activity, gender, age and other factors (with a moderate load for an adult - an average of about 2850 kcal);
• Compliance with food safety requirements: washing fruits and vegetables before eating, observing the shelf life and shelf life of food products;
• Compliance with the drinking regime;
• Sufficient intake of vitamins, microelements, essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids with food.

healthy eating

Sexual hygiene

female condom

It is aimed at preventing the occurrence of sexually transmitted diseases, including phthiriasis, preventing somatic diseases of the human reproductive system, maintaining sexual health.

Avoid promiscuity. During sexual intercourse, if pregnancy and the birth of a child are not planned, contraceptives should be used. In case of casual sexual contacts, it is obligatory to use condoms, then for washing, and for women for douching, use antiseptics (such as miramistin, chlorhexidine, etc.) for the purpose of individual prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. An annual preventive examination for syphilis, HIV, hepatitis B is recommended, even in the absence of symptoms, periodic preventive examinations by a gynecologist (for women) and a urologist / andrologist (for men).

Personal hygiene of clothes and shoes

Clothing protects a person from cold, snow, rain, excessive solar radiation, protects the skin from various pollution and harmful effects. Clothing should correspond to weather conditions, fit freely to the body, do not restrict movement, do not squeeze the skin. Fabrics made from natural fibers (cotton, linen, wool, etc.) are preferable, as they are more breathable and vapor-permeable, and absorb sweat better. When choosing shoes, it is necessary to take into account the length and width of the foot, the circumference of the lower leg, since large sizes can lead to abrasions, and small ones to frostbite and deformities of the legs. Shoes must be individual. It is necessary to monitor the cleanliness of clothes, especially underwear and socks, wash or change them in a timely manner.

Hygienic rules for maintaining a home

The dwelling should be ventilated at least once a day, wet cleaning should be carried out at least once a week.

Personal hygiene of workers during work

Personal hygiene of catering and water workers

Special requirements are imposed on the observance of the rules of personal hygiene by public catering workers (canteens, cafes, restaurants, grocery stores, enterprises for the production and processing, storage, transportation of food, both ready-made and raw materials with semi-finished products) and water supply. This is due to the fact that non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene by this category of workers can lead to mass diseases and poisoning among the population.

All persons employed must undergo a complete medical examination.

Personal hygiene of medical personnel

latex glove

The peculiarities of compliance with the rules of personal hygiene by medical workers are due to the fact that, on the one hand, they are in direct contact with the weakened sick body of patients, on the other hand, some patients suffer from infectious diseases, the need for contact with biological fluids and secretions of patients. Thus, the personal hygiene of medical workers includes more extensive measures aimed at preventing infection (poisoning, injury) of patients and the prevention of infection with infectious diseases, the impact of other harmful factors when working with medical equipment on the medical workers themselves.

Personal hygiene for hairdressers

Personal hygiene of workers with harmful working conditions

Disposable respirator Suits for protection against ionizing radiation

Harmful working conditions may include industrial noise, dust, aerosols, vapors of toxic substances, microorganisms, allergens, low and high temperatures, electromagnetic (microwave, laser) and ionizing radiation, etc.

Despite the technical measures aimed at hygienic regulation of working conditions, it is sometimes impossible to completely eliminate the impact of harmful factors on workers in certain industries and professions. Therefore, personal protective equipment is additionally applied and measures are prescribed to reduce such impacts.

So, for individual protection against dust (coal, asbestos, construction, etc.), masks and respirators, glasses, ear plugs, thick work clothes, washing in showers are used.

To protect against noise and vibration for personal protection, special rubber mats, gloves, ear plugs, headphones, headsets are used. It is required to comply with the regime (limitation of contact time or exposure to a harmful factor).

Personal hygiene of the patient

Bedpan

Hygiene

Ancient Roman statue. Goddess of health Hygieia, daughter of the god of healing Asclepius Hygieia as imagined by the artist Gustav Klimt

Hygiene(Greek hygieinós, healthy) - a branch of medicine that studies the impact of living and working conditions on human health and develops measures (sanitary norms and rules) aimed at preventing diseases, ensuring optimal living conditions, strengthening health and prolonging life; medical science ( hygiene), which studies the influence of environmental factors on human health, its performance and life expectancy, develops standards, requirements and sanitary measures aimed at improving the settlements, living conditions and activities of people.

As a result, hygiene has two objects of study - environmental factors and the reaction of the body, and uses the knowledge and methods of physics, chemistry, biology, geography and other sciences that study the environment, and medical disciplines such as physiology, anatomy and pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical medicine, etc., and also uses statistical and analytical methods of such sciences as mathematics, economics, sociology.

Environmental factors are diverse and are divided into:

The applied section of hygiene, aimed at developing measures for optimization and prevention, is called sanitation. These measures are implemented in a complex: architectural and planning, sanitary and technical, medical and preventive, organizational and planning, sanitary and legislative, and other areas.

The result of the sanitary-legislative direction are the existing hygienic standards - the maximum permissible concentration (MPC), the maximum permissible level (MPL), and others. In fact, it is hygiene that ensures the safety of the existence of the individual, preventing the impact of harmful factors.

Etymology

The name "hygiene" (ὑγίεια - "health", other Greek ὑγιεινή - "healthy") came from the name of the ancient Greek goddess of health Hygiea (other Greek Ὑγιεία, Ὑγεία), daughter of the ancient Greek god of healing - Asclepius.

The history of the emergence and development of hygiene

Cicero's saying "Salus populi suprema lex esto" ("Let the good of the people be the supreme law")
displayed on the reverse side of the commemorative medal of Rospotrebnadzor "90 years of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of Russia"

Great Cloaca - a diagram of a part of the ancient sewage system on the map of Ancient Rome The aqueduct in Segovia is a land segment of the multi-kilometer water supply system of Ancient Rome, I century BC. e. (length-728 m, height-28 m)

Attempts to create rules for a healthy life are found in legislation, religious prescriptions and in the everyday habits of most peoples since time immemorial. But, at the same time, hygiene as a science has been formed recently. In the development of hygiene as a science and an applied medical discipline, several periods can be distinguished, which were influenced by the social and economic conditions of each period.

First period ( ancient) - in ancient times (Egypt, Judea, Greece and Rome). It is interesting only for scattered historical facts. This period is characterized by the practical orientation of hygiene. The Mosaic legislation already contains rules for individual prevention (dietary regimen, sexual hygiene, isolation of contagious patients, etc.), control over the implementation of such rules was accordingly assigned to the priests. In Greece, the emphasis was mainly in the field of physical culture, the strengthening of physical strength and beauty, and the rules of diet. This direction in the development of hygiene can be traced in the writings of Hippocrates (456-356 BC). So in the treatise "On Air, Water and Soil", an assessment is made of the influence of these factors on health. At the same time, in Greece, there are prerequisites for the emergence of sanitary measures that are no longer personal hygiene and are aimed at improving the health of entire population groups. For example, sanitary facilities were built in cities for water supply and sewage disposal. Rome went even further, their aqueducts for water supply, sewers for the removal of garbage can rightly be considered an engineering marvel at that time. Attempts were made to conduct sanitary supervision of construction, food products, even tried to introduce the positions of sanitary officials. The Slavic tribes also observed elements of prevention, so they carried out fumigation with herbs, burned clothes and buildings after the death of the sick, created outposts during epidemics, it was recommended to build settlements on elevated places, dry, protected from the wind, with enough water.

Flea cap - an integral element of the wardrobe of the Middle Ages

After this period, during the Middle Ages, hygiene stopped its development. Epidemics and pandemics of plague, smallpox, typhus, influenza, syphilis that devastated countries nullified the then poorly developed hygienic achievements. The low standard of living and life, social inequalities and endless wars contributed to the development of epidemics and pandemics. This was facilitated by the extremely low level of sanitary culture and education. The extremely low level of life led to the massive development of skin, venereal and eye diseases. Public sanitation and sanitary facilities during this period were practically absent in the cities. For example, in the 18th century there were pastures for cattle in the center of Berlin; in Paris, sewage was poured into the street, and when they began to fight it in the second half of the 17th century, it became a curiosity that was captured in poems and medals, there were no closets in palaces and public places, washing and towels began to come into use only with XVIII century, bed and underwear was a rarity. Individual dishes appeared in the 16th century, forks - only in the 17th century.

But, during this period of general decline in Europe, in Asia (Khorezm, Bukhara, Samarkand), sciences, including medicine, developed. So in the ruins of cities, elements of improvement, water supply and sewerage were found. In the works of Abu Ali Ibn Sina "The Canon of Medicine" there are instructions on the hygiene of the home, clothing, nutrition of children and the elderly, health protection rules and other hygiene recommendations. In Russia in the X-XI centuries, they paid attention to the improvement of cities (water supply and sewerage systems were in Novgorod in the XI century, in Moscow since the XVII century), food sanitation and sanitation in the troops. In the 16th century, under Ivan the Terrible, “Domostroy” was published, which also contains instructions for maintaining the cleanliness of dwellings, washing dishes, and dietary rules. ABC books, Svyatoslav's Izbornik are published with advice on personal hygiene and disease prevention. In 1581, the Apothecary Chamber was created, on the basis of which the Apothecary Order was subsequently created. Since 1654, after the plague epidemic, they began to officially count the dead.

Second period ( modern) the development of hygiene begins at the beginning of the 18th century, with the development of industry and capitalism, the growth of cities in Europe. At this time, the formation of hygiene as a science takes place, and sanitary measures are also being introduced. This period can be divided into three distinct phases:

• First stage ( empirical ) characterizes hygiene as a science that studies and applies interventions of a state and administrative nature regarding the health of an individual. It is inextricably linked with the era of "enlightened absolutism". The emphasis was on personal hygiene. There have been studies in the field of diet. So in the works Ch. Hufeland - "Makrobiotik oder die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu verlangern" different goals from medical medicine are already being set: “to give a person a long life”, and not just “to restore health in case of its violation”. J. Frank in his "System einer vollstandigen medizinischen Polizei" contributed to the development of state supervision, the so-called "medical police". The level of development of the natural sciences at this stage allowed only empirical observations and conclusions to be drawn. The main methods of practical application of hygiene at this stage were personal influences and persuasion. In Russia, Peter I instills a sanitary culture. Instead of the Pharmaceutical Order, he created the Medical Office, issued decrees on protecting the health of the population and troops, and supervised the sanitary regime in the barracks, food and water supply to the troops.

Water-closet - the greatest invention of the 19th century Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

• Second phase ( experimental ) is characterized by the formation and development of public hygiene.

Max von Pettenkofer (1818-1901)

The middle of the 19th century is characterized by industrial growth, liberalism and democracy. Biological, physical and chemical sciences begin to develop rapidly, which makes it possible to apply experimental methods and study the environment. At this stage, hygiene, already as a scientific discipline, studies environmental factors (climate, water, soil, air, food and nutrition, clothing, etc.), their impact on the health of large groups of the population, promotes sanitary and health-improving measures. A significant contribution to the development of all areas of hygiene was made by laboratory research by Max Pettenkofer and his students. They developed a number of norms for the hygienic assessment of environmental factors, which are still used today. The discovery of microorganisms, their study by Pasteur, Lister, Koch, Mechnikov gave a powerful impetus to the development of hygiene.

Matvei Yakovlevich Mudrov (1776-1831)

The discovery of infectious diseases contributed to the strengthening and promotion of hygienic and sanitary measures in the fight against them, as a result of which a new branch of hygiene arose - epidemiology (at that time it still belonged to hygiene). A medical topographic survey of the area was introduced into practice. Statistical analysis began to be applied and statistical methods were developed to link morbidity and mortality with various environmental factors. Thus, the work of Quetelet led to the emergence of another branch of hygiene - sanitary (medical) statistics. The strengthening and development of practical hygiene during this period was facilitated by new epidemics that brought serious economic damage.

During the outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 in the vicinity of Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) in the London district of Soho, thanks to the methodical actions of Dr. John Snow, the source of the epidemic was identified - polluted water from the standpipe. Snow's research served as an impetus for the development of epidemiology and the improvement of water supply and sanitation systems.

So in England, for the first time, the accumulated scientific achievements of hygiene began to be widely applied. The establishment of the causes of the epidemic and their connection with various factors led to the legislative consolidation of sanitary measures. During this period, water pipes, water purification, floating sewerage, sewage treatment and disinfection were introduced. This led to a rapid recovery of the population, a decrease in mortality from intestinal infections within entire regions and countries. New areas of hygiene have arisen - hygiene of the home, food, work. Thus, this stage in the development of hygiene is characterized by a focus on improving the health of the masses of the population.

Alexey Petrovich Dobroslavin (1842-1889) - the first professor of hygiene in Russia

During this period, a considerable contribution to the development of sciences, including medicine and hygienic knowledge, was made by M. V. Lomonosov, who created the university and published his work “Discourses on the reproduction and preservation of the Russian people”. M. Ya. Mudrov also had a significant influence, making a great contribution to the medical and sanitary support of the troops. Examples of his lectures: “On hygiene and diseases common in active troops, as well as the treatment of diseases in camps and hospitals, the most frequent”, “On the benefits and objects of military hygiene or the science of maintaining the health of military personnel”, “Instruction to ordinary people how to protect themselves from cholera." N. I. Pirogov also paid attention to the hygienic aspects of medicine.

“I believe in hygiene. This is where the true progress of our science lies. The future belongs to preventive medicine. This science will bring undoubted benefits to mankind.
N. I. Pirogov

Fedor Fedorovich Erisman (1842-1915)

The founders of scientific hygiene in Russia were A.P. Dobroslavin and F.F. Erisman. Both were students of Pettenkofer. Dobroslavin, being a teacher at the Imperial Military Medical Academy, also contributed to the development of military hygiene. In 1883, a hygienic laboratory was opened at the academy. Thanks to Erisman, at first a laboratory was organized, and later, in 1890, the Hygienic Institute of the Imperial Moscow University was opened. In 1891, the first city sanitary station was opened in Moscow. During these years, thanks to the followers and students of Dobroslavin and Erisman, hygiene education was introduced to all Russian universities and hygiene laboratories were set up at them. Prior to this, areas of knowledge related to hygiene were attached to other disciplines: pharmacology, obstetrics, therapy. And together with forensic medicine, it was taught until 1917 in the form of the discipline " Hygiene and medical police» and course « deanery court". On September 15, 1922, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted the Decree "On the sanitary authorities of the Republic", which created the sanitary and epidemiological service, established its structure and main tasks. This day is considered the day of formation of service in Russia. This Decree introduced the positions of sanitary doctors " on general sanitation», « epidemic case" And " health statistics", as well as the position" sanitary assistant". " sanitary and epidemic subdivisions" And " sanitary councils in provincial and district cities. The main tasks are: " sanitary protection of water, air and soil», « sanitary protection of dwellings», « food safety», « organization of anti-epidemic measures», « organizing the fight against social diseases», « children's health", "sanitary statistics», « health education», « participation in the issues of sanitary protection of labor and the general organization of medical and sanitary affairs”, it is prescribed about the need for a preventive direction of work for medical doctors (county, zemstvo, military doctors). In 1925, at the Military Medical Academy, the Institute of Preventive Knowledge was created as part of the departments of general, social and military hygiene, and bacteriology.

“... the development of the sanitary direction in medicine is extremely important ...”
“... the doctor must not only treat the sick, but also prevent diseases, and that, in fact, this is the ideal side of his vocation, the best and most useful side of his practical activity ...”
(“A Public Guide to Disease Prevention and Health Preservation” - F. F. Erisman)

On December 23, 1933, the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR No. 85 / SNK of the USSR No. 2740 “On the organization of the State Sanitary Inspectorate” was issued, which, in addition to organizational issues, indicates that organizations, institutions and citizens on the territory of the USSR must comply with established sanitary and hygienic rules and norms, for violation of them, the chief sanitary inspectors of the union republics are given the right to initiate criminal prosecutions, impose fines and take administrative measures, and bring violators to justice.

A 1939 drawing showing how the bacteria that causes typhoid fever enters a well

• Third stage ( social ) is characterized by the emergence of social hygiene

Main article: Social hygiene and healthcare organization

Branches and sections of hygiene

Hygiene includes the following main independent branches and sections[ * ]:

• General hygiene(environmental hygiene) - a section of hygiene, which studies the general issues of the influence of environmental factors on human health, develops methods for their study, preventive measures against their negative effects on the human body, adopts hygienic standards and requirements, and takes preventive and anti-epidemic measures.
• Communal hygiene- the branch of hygiene, in which the issues of the influence of the environment of settlements on a person are studied, preventive and anti-epidemic measures are developed and carried out, hygienic standards and requirements are adopted to ensure the preservation of health and favorable living conditions for the population.
• Food hygiene(obsolete food) - the branch of hygiene, in which the issues of quality and safety of food and prepared food, their significance and impact on the human body are studied, preventive and anti-epidemic measures are developed and carried out, and hygiene standards and requirements are adopted, recommendations for the manufacture, storage and use of food products.
• Nutrition is a branch of food hygiene that deals with the study of food, nutrition, food, nutrients and other components in the composition of products, their action and interaction, their consumption, assimilation, expenditure and excretion from the body, their role in maintaining health or in the development of diseases . The scope of this science also includes human eating behavior, the choice of food products, their processing and storage, food law and a number of other issues.
• Dietology (as a related discipline) is a medical science, consisting at the junction of food hygiene, nutrition and gastroenterology. a field of knowledge that studies nutrition, including a sick person. Dietetics is aimed at the rationalization and individualization of nutrition, but first of all - at ensuring food safety. Due to the fact that the individualization of nutrition is carried out with the help of strictly organized nutrition systems - “diets”, dietology got its name.
• Radiation hygiene- the branch of hygiene, in which the issues of the significance and influence of ionizing radiation on the body of personnel working with sources of ionizing radiation and the public are studied, preventive measures are developed and carried out, and hygienic standards and radiation safety requirements are adopted.
• Occupational health(obsolete professional) - the branch of hygiene, in which the issues of the impact of labor processes and factors of the production environment on a person are studied, preventive and anti-epidemic measures are developed and carried out, hygienic standards and requirements are adopted to ensure favorable working conditions.
• occupational pathologies (occupational diseases) is a discipline at the intersection of occupational health, internal diseases and communal hygiene. When hygienically assessing the working conditions of computer operators, attention is paid to the ergonomics of the workplace, EM fields, local and general illumination, microclimate, working hours, the content of harmful impurities in the air, etc.
• Hygiene of children and adolescents- the branch of hygiene, in which the issues of the influence of environmental conditions are studied, taking into account the age characteristics of the child and adolescent organism, the processes of education and upbringing, preventive measures are developed and hygiene standards and requirements are adopted in order to strengthen their health and normal development.
• military hygiene- the branch of hygiene and military medicine, in which the issues of maintaining, improving the health and working capacity of personnel are studied, in everyday life, during everyday life and in wartime, preventive and anti-epidemic measures are developed and carried out and hygienic standards and requirements are adopted taking into account the peculiarities life and life in the Armed Forces. It includes practically all branches and sections of hygiene, but regarding military personnel and civilian personnel. Preventive measures for military personnel on duty in the silo affect such aspects of their service as living conditions in closed isolated underground structures (work, rest, food, drink, ionizing radiation, vapors of rocket fuel components in the air, anthropogenic pollution, etc.), as well as living conditions outside the service, for their proper rest between duties
  • naval hygiene - a section of military hygiene, in which questions are studied, taking into account the peculiarities of the conditions of activity and life on ships and naval bases of the Navy.
• Sports hygiene(hygiene of physical exercises and sports) - a branch of hygiene in which the issues of the influence of environmental conditions on the health-improving and sports effect of physical exercises are studied, recommendations are developed to improve the physical education of the population, training and the lifestyle of athletes, preventive measures are developed and hygienic standards are adopted and requirements for the placement, construction and maintenance of places for physical culture and sports.
• Transport hygiene- the hygiene industry, in which the issues of the influence of working conditions of workers and the conditions for the passage of passengers of aviation, road, water, railway transport are studied, preventive and anti-epidemic measures are developed and carried out, hygiene standards and requirements for vehicles and facilities are adopted aimed at ensuring optimal working conditions , maintaining the health and performance of employees, creating hygienic conditions and comfort for passengers.
  • aviation and space hygiene - a section of transport hygiene, aviation and space medicine, which deals with the influence of flight conditions on the body of the flight crew and passengers of air transport, conditions for training, flights, living in zero gravity and confined space of astronauts, and measures to prevent harmful effects;
  • railway hygiene - section of transport hygiene, which deals with the influence of working and living conditions of railway and subway workers, as well as the conditions for the passage of passengers, and measures to prevent harmful effects;
  • ship hygiene - a section of transport hygiene, which deals with the influence of working and living conditions for the crews of sea and river vessels, the conditions for passengers to stay on them and measures to prevent harmful effects.
• Village hygiene(obsolete rural) - the branch of hygiene, in which the issues of the influence of conditions of agricultural work and life in rural settlements are studied, preventive and anti-epidemic measures are developed and carried out, hygiene standards and requirements for agricultural production, improvement and sanitary condition of rural settlements are adopted.
• Hospital hygiene- the branch of hygiene, which studies the issues of ensuring optimal conditions for patients in medical institutions and favorable working conditions for medical personnel, develops and implements preventive and anti-epidemic measures, and adopts hygienic standards and requirements.
• Spa hygiene- the branch of hygiene, in which issues of ensuring favorable environmental conditions for resorts and recreational areas are studied, preventive and anti-epidemic measures are developed and carried out, hygiene standards and requirements are adopted in order to protect natural healing factors.
• Sanitary toxicology.
• Sanitary microbiology- a section of hygiene and microbiology, which studies the sanitary and microbiological state of environmental objects, food products and drinks, and develops sanitary and microbiological standards and methods for indicating pathogenic microorganisms in various objects and products.
• Psychohygiene- hygiene section,[ source unspecified 970 days] studying the mental well-being of a person.

It is also subdivided according to events:

Cafeteria Personal Care Station, Shanghai, China

• Personal hygiene(individual) - a section of hygiene, which studies the issues of preserving and strengthening human health, observing hygiene rules and measures in his personal life and activities, developing and conducting hygiene education activities, promoting hygiene knowledge and a healthy lifestyle in order to improve the hygiene culture of the population. It includes questions of the hygienic maintenance of the body (skin, hair, nails, teeth), shoes and clothing, housing, the rules of rational nutrition, hardening of the body and physical culture. At the same time, some issues of personal hygiene are also dealt with by sexology (personal hygiene of the genital organs, hygiene of sexual life) and occupational health (personal hygiene of workers during work).
• public hygiene- a set of medical and non-medical measures aimed at maintaining and strengthening health within groups of people, populations.

The main tasks of hygiene

• study of the influence of the external environment on the state of health and working capacity of people. At the same time, the external environment should be understood as the whole complex complex of natural, social, domestic, industrial and other factors.
• scientific substantiation and development of hygienic standards, rules and measures to improve the environment and eliminate harmful factors;
• scientific substantiation and development of hygienic standards, rules and measures to increase the body's resistance to possible harmful environmental influences in order to improve health and physical development, increase efficiency.
• promotion of hygienic knowledge and a healthy lifestyle (for example, such as rational nutrition, exercise, hardening, a properly organized work and rest regimen, compliance with the rules of personal and public hygiene).

Hygiene and ecology

Hygiene is closely interconnected with the general ecology and human ecology. Often hygiene and human ecology are concerned with general issues (for example, demographic issues). But there is a significant difference - ecology does not study an individual and does not develop measures to improve his life and health. It should also be noted that Russian environmental standards - MPE and MPD, are currently calculated on the basis of hygienic standards - MPC.

Outstanding hygienists

• Ramazzini, Bernardino(1633-1714) - Italian doctor, the main work is devoted to occupational diseases - De Morbis Artificum Diatriba ("Diseases of Workers")
• Erisman Fedor Fedorovich(1842-1915) - Russian-Swiss hygienist, pioneer of hygiene in Russia; creator of the fundamental principles of public health, food hygiene, school and professional hygiene, sanitary statistics
• Dmitry Petrovich Nikolsky(1855-1918) - Russian physician, who was the first in the Russian Empire to teach a course in occupational health and first aid in case of accidents at work.
• Levitsky Vyacheslav Alexandrovich(1867-1936) - an outstanding hygienist and organizer of sanitary affairs, professor, in 1922 he published the work "Mental Labor and Fatigue", and in 1923 he organized and edited the journal "Labor Hygiene".
• Semashko Nikolai Alexandrovich(1874-1949) - doctor, outstanding hygienist, one of the organizers of the healthcare system in the USSR, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the RSFSR Academy of Medical Sciences, founder of social hygiene as an independent discipline. He founded the country's first department of social hygiene. As the People's Commissar of Health, N. A. Semashko did a lot for the adoption of legislation on the protection of water sources, water supply and sewerage of cities, food hygiene, labor, etc. The author of many scientific papers on various sections of hygiene and, in particular, "Essays on the theory of the organization of Soviet health care" .
• Michelle Levy(1809-1872) - French hygienist, general of the medical service. President of the Paris Medical Academy (1857).
• Letavet August Andreevich(1893-1984) - hygienist, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1946 (after the explosion of the first nuclear bomb), being director of the Institute of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases, he organized a biophysical department dealing with radiation hygiene.

The science

Scientific hygienic support in Russia is provided by a system of institutes:

Methods used in hygienic research are combined into two main groups:

• methods that study the hygienic state of environmental factors;
• methods that evaluate the reaction of the human body to the impact of a particular external factor.

The system of sanitary legislation, control and supervision

Sanitary legislation includes certain provisions included in the Constitution of Russia, international legal acts, laws of Russia (including the Code of Administrative Offenses and the Criminal Code), sanitary and epidemiological rules (SP), sanitary rules and norms (SanPiN), hygienic standards (GN), technical regulations , state standards (GOST), radioactive safety standards (NRB), building codes and regulations (SNiP), etc. State control and supervision in the field of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population, social and hygienic monitoring are assigned by the Decree of the Government of Russia to Rospotrebnadzor. State sanitary and epidemiological supervision in certain industries with especially dangerous working conditions is entrusted by the Decree of the President of Russia to the Federal Medical and Biological Agency (FMBA of Russia). State sanitary and epidemiological supervision in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations, at defense and defense production facilities, security and other special purposes is carried out by bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service subordinate to them.

The international cooperation

International cooperation is being developed with the assistance of specialized UN agencies on a number of projects of the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labor Organization (ILO), UNESCO, the UN Children's Fund UNICEF, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO ), as well as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Lecture number 27. Personal hygiene

Personal hygiene is one of the most important sections of hygiene, which studies and develops the principles of maintaining and strengthening health by observing hygiene requirements in everyday individual life and activities.

Personal hygiene is the basis of a healthy lifestyle, a condition for effective primary and secondary prevention of various diseases.

Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene increases life expectancy by an average of 7-10 years, non-compliance leads to a decrease in efficiency, a decrease in active longevity, an increase in morbidity and a reduction in life expectancy, and can have an adverse effect on the health of people around.

Elements of personal hygiene:

1. dental and oral hygiene.

2. body and skin hygiene.

3. Physical culture

4. Hardening

5. Occupational and rest hygiene

6. Sleep hygiene

7. Clothing hygiene.

8. Shoe hygiene.

9. personal food hygiene.

10. Prevention of bad habits.

11. Sexual hygiene.

Hygiene of teeth and oral cavity.

Teeth are of great physiological, hygienic and aesthetic importance. To prevent diseases of the teeth and oral cavity, oral hygiene products should be used.

Oral hygiene products:

1. Toothbrushes

2. Toothpicks

4. Toothpastes.

5. Dental elixirs

6. Deodorants for the oral cavity

8. Teeth whitening products, etc.

All these funds must be harmless, subject to mandatory certification.

Toothbrushes.

Consists of a handle and a head. On the head are tufts of bristles. The length of the working surface is 25-30 mm, the width is 7.5-11 mm, the height of the bristles is 10-12 mm. The head of the brush should have a slightly curved shape, corresponding to the arched arrangement of the teeth.

Brushes are made from synthetic fibers (nylon, perlon, polyurethane).

The production of brushes with natural bristles (horse, pig) has been discontinued due to disadvantages (for example: the head is difficult to keep clean).

Degrees of hardness:

1. very soft

3. medium hardness

4. hard

5. very tough

Most people need medium hard brushes.

Teeth cleaning principles:

1. Start cleaning from the same dentition.

2. Follow a specific cleaning sequence.

3. Cleaning should take place at the same pace.

Approximately 300-400 paired movements of the toothbrush along the axis of the tooth in the form of scraping sweeping movements, part of the gum should be captured.

Duration 2.5-3 minutes at least.

Most authors tend to believe that it is necessary to brush your teeth 2 times a day - in the morning and in the evening, but a number of authors believe that it is necessary to brush your teeth after each meal, while other authors argue that it is enough to brush your teeth only in the morning.

Before use, a new brush must be washed with hot water and soap, lathered and left until morning. Rinse before use, do not boil.

After cleaning - wash with soap and water, lather and rinse or leave until the next cleaning.

Toothbrush should be changed every 3 months.

Toothpicks.

To remove food debris and soft plaque from the lateral surfaces of the teeth.

1. Wooden (disposable)

2. Plastic (reusable)

Teeth cleaning is carried out similarly to toothbrushes.

It is better to give preference to triangular-shaped wooden toothpicks.

Floss (dental floss).

Similar to toothpicks, they remove food debris and plaque from hard-to-reach places.

Less traumatic than toothpicks.

After every meal.

Toothpaste.

They clean teeth, gums, interdental spaces, tongue, soft plaque, mucus, dental plaque partially, prevent microbial contamination of the oral cavity.

The composition of the toothpaste includes abrasive, moisturizing, binding, foaming, surfactants, preservatives, flavorings, water and treatment-and-prophylactic elements.

Types of toothpastes:

1. Hygienic.

Only cleansing and refreshing action (deodorant).

Used by people with intact teeth and periodontium.

2. Therapeutic and prophylactic.

For the prevention and treatment of diseases of the teeth, periodontal and oral mucosa.

Anticarious

Ingredients: fluorine, calcium, phosphorus.

Anti-inflammatory

Extract of medicinal plants, enzymes, vitamins, etc.

3. Combined.

Dentifrice.

Chemically precipitated chalk and fragrance.

Just a cleansing action. The disadvantage is a lot of abrasiveness. Compared to toothpaste, it is inconvenient, not hygienic, contraindicated in diseases of the teeth and periodontium.

Dental elixir.

For rinsing the mouth after brushing your teeth or eating. Cleansing, refreshing, anti-inflammatory, astringent, tanning, mild analgesic, antiseptic effect.

Ingredients: water-alcohol solution and aromatic oils (menthol, vanillin), antiseptic, may be biologically active preparations.

1. Hygienic (deodorization).

2. treatment and prophylactic.

Anticarious

Anti-inflammatory

rinse time 2-2.5 min.

Body and skin hygiene.

The total surface area of ​​the skin of an adult is approximately 1.5 m2.

The skin protects a person from adverse weather conditions (physical factors), from chemical factors, participates in gas exchange and heat exchange of the body with the external environment, removes metabolic products, water vapor, sweat, fat, releases bactericidal substances, synthesizes vitamin D.

All these functions depend on the purity of the skin.

With poor care, dust, dirt accumulate on the skin, the water ducts of the sweat and sebaceous glands close, organic substances are released through the skin, decompose, and volatile substances (malodorous substances) with an unpleasant odor appear. Fungi and bacteria multiply on the skin. Cutaneous respiration decreases by 10-15%. Underwear and bed linen are heavily soiled, their hygienic properties deteriorate. The end result is skin disease.

When washing with warm water, dirt, sweat, fat, dead cells are removed from the skin, blood vessels expand, the stratum corneum swells, softens, the release and absorption of various substances is facilitated, metabolism improves.

It is better to use soft water for washing, as hard water dries out the skin, makes it rough and sensitive to inflammation.

Soaps and modern detergents are used to more effectively remove contaminants.

Soap.

Obtained by processing animals and hydrogenated fats with alkalis.

1. Alkaline

2. Neutral

3. Oversaturated (overfat).

Toilet soap should not contain more than 0.05% free alkali.

Excess alkali can cause skin degreasing and dryness.

The effectiveness of washing with soap depends on the initial volume of foam, the amount of fatty acids, free alkali, sodium chloride. Long-term storage of soap leads to a decrease in foaming, therefore, washing efficiency decreases.

Optimally - an oval shape, weighing 40-150 gr.

Modern detergents.

Composition depending on the purpose: dyes, fragrance, therapeutic and prophylactic and disinfectants.

Advantages:

The ability to create a neutral or acidic reaction, approaching the pH of the skin, due to which it less often causes degreasing and dryness of the skin.

Maintaining the cleanliness of the body is carried out by washing the body, changing clothes.

At least 4-5 times a week.

Baths.

1. Steam ("Russian").

The first mode - stoves - heaters.

Temperature 65-70°С, humidity 75-80%

The second mode is when steam is supplied from the boiler room.

Temperature 42-45°С, humidity 100%

2. Dry fat (“Finnish saunas”)

Temperature 100°С, humidity 15-20%

Baths have a positive effect on the whole body. Skin vessels and pores expand, perspiration increases, toxins are removed, the level of bacterial contamination of the skin decreases, and its bactericidal properties improve.

Hypodynamia and its consequences.

In modern conditions, people are deprived of active motor activity. The circle of professions requiring intellectual work has grown, living conditions have changed. All this creates the prerequisites for a sedentary lifestyle - a hypodynamic lifestyle.

Consequences:

1. Muscles become flabby, weak, the heart muscle quickly gets tired at the slightest load, conditions are created for the growth of inactive adipose and connective tissue. Mental and physical performance decreases, fatigue is noted, body resistance decreases, diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous systems, respiratory and digestive organs are noted, diseases of the spine, and metabolic disorders are noted.

Physical exercises (various forms of movements) serve as active means to compensate for the insufficiency of physical activity.

4 types of exercise:

1. gymnastics

Systematic physical education exercises have a versatile beneficial effect on the health and physical development of people of different ages and gender.

Physical exercise:

1. Increase the body's defenses (immunity)

2. Muscle fibers brought into an active state extract nutrients and oxygen from the abundantly flowing blood more energetically and utilize them more fully. Muscle fibers thicken, muscle mass and its strength increase. The heart muscle works harder. Increased flexibility of the spine. Improves coordination and dexterity. Positive effect on the respiratory system.

3. increases the volume of the chest and VC.

4. Positive effect on the gastrointestinal tract, increases the secretory and motor functions of the stomach and intestines, reduces congestion in the abdominal cavity.

Physical exercises perform nervous regulation of motor and vegetative functions, accelerates vegetative reactions. In mental workers, they reduce neuropsychic stress, stimulate hematopoietic function, increase the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, increase efficiency, and improve well-being. Cultivate willpower.

hardening.

This is an increase in the body's resistance to the adverse effects of a number of physical environmental factors through the systematic dosed exposure to these factors.

Meaning:

1. The body's defenses increase

2. Allows you to quickly and painlessly adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions

3. It educates a person's character, develops will, perseverance, patience, forms a psychological make-up of a person.

Hardening principles:
1. Graduality

2. Systematic

3. Complexity

4. Accounting for individual characteristics

5. Self-control.

Means of hardening:

Sun.

Sunbathing increases metabolism, improves skin nutrition, excretion of sweat and metabolic products, slightly increases body temperature, has a beneficial effect on the central nervous system (mood, performance), improves heart and lung function, has a beneficial effect on blood composition, and increases overall tone.

Take sun baths at 9-11 o'clock. (morning) and 17-19 (evening)

Duration:

First sun bath for adults 5-10 min. Then 5-10 minutes are added daily. The maximum time spent in the sun on average for an adult is 1 hour, for young healthy people 1.5-2 hours.

For children, the first solar treatment is 3-5 min. 3-5 minutes are added daily, the maximum time is 30-40 minutes.

At the end of sunbathing, you must take a shower and sit in the shade.

Sunbathing is taken after a light breakfast or 1.5-2 hours after a meal.

With proper observance of the technique, good health is noted, improvement in appetite, sleep, and working capacity increase.

With improper sunbathing, lethargy, fatigue, palpitations, painful sensations on the skin, headache, dizziness, and nausea occur.

Improper use of sunbathing can lead to a decrease in the body's defenses.

Contraindications:

Hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart and blood diseases, tuberculosis, the last months of pregnancy, benign and malignant tumors.

water procedures.

At the first moment, the vessels of the skin narrow, the blood is forced out to the internal organs. Then the blood with great force enters the skin vessels, they expand. There is a feeling of warmth, freshness, cheerfulness. In a short period of time, a large amount of blood moves, which makes the heart work more energetically, the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the tissue improves, blood circulation and respiration improves, the tone of the nervous system and immunity increase, metabolism and skin nutrition improve.

1. Cold (t

2. Cool (t=20-33°С)

3. Indifferent (t=34-35°С)

4. Warm (t=36-40°С)

5. Hot (t>40°С)

Water procedures should be carried out at an air temperature of at least 17-20 ° C.

Methods:

1. Rubbing.

The initial water temperature should not be lower than 33-34°C. Every 3-4 days the water temperature is reduced by 1-2°C and brought to 18-20°C.

It is prescribed for people with poor health.

Wipe the upper half of the body with a sponge, dry it, then wipe the lower half of the body and dry it.

2. Pouring.

Initial temperature = 33-34°C, every 3-4 days lower by 1-2°C to 15°C.

3. Washing the feet.

Initial temperature 26-28°C. Every 3-4 days reduce by 1-2°C to 12-15°C.

4. Gargling.

In the morning and in the evening.

Initial temperature 23-25°C. Every 3-4 days, reduce by 1-2 ° C, gradually bring to the temperature of tap water.

5. Bathing.

The swimming season opens at a water temperature of at least 18-20°C and ends at a water temperature of 14-45°C.

The duration of stay in the water depends on the water temperature, meteorological conditions, the degree of hardening of a person.

The first procedure lasts 4-5 minutes, gradually increasing to 20 and > minutes.

Sea bathing has a strong effect (combines thermal and mechanical effects).

Air baths.

Favorable effect on well-being, metabolism, blood circulation, tone of the nervous system, activity of physiological processes.

Air excites the apparatus of heat regulation, favors the excretory ability of the skin, improves the composition of the blood.

When inhaling fresh air, the combustion of metabolic products (in particular, cholesterol) increases.

1. Cold (t air = 6-14 ° C)

2. Cool (t air = 14-20 ° С)

3. Indifferent (t air = 20-22°С)

4. Warm (t air = 22-30 ° С)

Methods:

1. Open air.

The initial air temperature is 18-22°C. The duration of the first procedure is 10-15 minutes, after 2-3-4 days the exposure time is increased for children by 2-3 minutes, for adults by 5-10 minutes and gradually adjusted to the time spent in air up to 1 hour and > (maximum 2 hours ).

Having reached the habit of cool air, they move on to cold.

2. Indoors.

The air temperature is reduced by opening a window or window.

The temperature is gradually reduced by 1-2°C to 7-15°C.

Duration 10-20 min.

It is better to use air baths not in a prone position, but in motion.

Contraindications:

Acute febrile illnesses, exacerbations of rheumatism, chronic joint disease, acute neuritis and myositis.

023. Personal hygiene is:

1. Preservation and promotion of health by observing the norms and rules of hygiene in a person's daily life.

2. Compliance with the rules for body care, i.e. cleanliness of the skin, hair, oral cavity.

3. Compliance with hygiene requirements for housing, place of work.

4. Absence of bad habits. 024. "Humus" is: 1. Coarse-grained, easily permeable, non-contaminated soil with optimal mechanical composition and the best water-air properties.

2. Dark, rich in organic matter mass of complex composition, slowly decomposes, does not rot, does not emit unpleasant odors, does not contain pathogenic microorganisms.

3. A natural formation formed as a result of the transformation of the surface layers of the lithosphere under the action of water, air and living organisms.

025. Definition of the concept "Perfringens-titer of soil":

1. The total number of bacteria in 1 g of soil.

2. The smallest amount of soil in grams in which E. coli is found.

3. The smallest amount of soil in grams in which Clostridium perfringens is found.

026. Definition of the concept "Sanitary number of soil":

1. Ratio in mg of humus to total organic nitrogen per 100 g of absolutely dry soil.

3. The ratio of the weight of water held by the soil to the weight of the soil itself, expressed as a percentage.

4. The total number of bacteria in 1 g of soil.

5. The smallest amount of soil in grams in which E. coli is found.

027. What contribution to the general structure of factors that shape health does lifestyle:

028. As a natural scientific basis for human ecology, the teachings of V.I. Vernadsky about:

1. Biosphere. 2. Noosphere.

3. Troposphere

4. Hydrosphere

029. Definition of the concept "Soil porosity":

1. Ratio in mg of humus nitrogen to total organic nitrogen per 100 g of absolutely dry soil.

2. The ratio of the pore volume of the soil to the volume of the soil as a whole, expressed as a percentage.

3. The total number of bacteria in 1 g of soil.

4. The ratio of the weight of water held by the soil to the weight of the soil itself, expressed as a percentage.

030. "Healthy soil" should be:

1. Coarse-grained, wet, with high porosity.

2. Coarse-grained, dry, with low porosity.

3. Fine-grained, wet, with high porosity.

4. Fine-grained, dry, low porosity.

031. "Healthy soil" is:

1. Coarse-grained, easily permeable, non-contaminated soil with an optimal mechanical composition and the best water-air properties.

2. Dark, organic-rich mass of complex chemical composition, slowly decomposes, does not rot, does not emit unpleasant odors, and does not contain pathogenic microorganisms.

3. A natural formation formed as a result of the transformation of the surface layers of the lithosphere under the influence of water, air and living organisms.

032. The ratio of inflow and exhaust in operating rooms:

1. The inflow prevails over the exhaust by at least 20%.

2. Exhaust at least 20% prevails over the inflow.

3. The supply air volume corresponds to the exhaust air volume.

033. There must be ventilation in the infectious diseases department:

1. Mechanical supply.

2. Supply and exhaust with a predominance of inflow.

Z. Supply and exhaust with a predominance of exhaust, natural through.

4. It can be any, depending on the design features of the building.

034. Permissible microclimate indicators for the wards of the therapeutic department:

1. Air temperature 20˚С, relative humidity 30-60%, air movement 0.2 m/s.

2. Air temperature 24˚C, relative humidity 75%, air movement 0.4 m/s.

3. Air temperature 25˚С, relative humidity 25%, air movement 0.5 m/s.

4. Air temperature 18˚С, relative humidity 30%, air mobility 0.l m/s.

035. The maximum content of carbon dioxide in the air of hospital wards:

036. Signs for recognition of heliometeopathic reactions:

1. The coincidence of the deterioration of the patient's well-being with the change in the weather complex, the multiplicity of cases of simultaneous deterioration in the well-being of patients in the same periods, the frequency of deterioration of the patient's condition in similar weather situations, the abundance of complaints, the short duration of disturbances in the body.

2. Increased blood pressure, changes in the cellular composition of the blood, headaches.

3. Anemia, tachycardia, glomerulonephritis, tinnitus, dizziness.

4. Impaired lung function, edema, joint pain.